Gwen Roberts Bio Week 5 Project

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Week 5 Project Gwendolyn Roberts South University Professor Everett August 14, 2023

Week 5 Project Homeostasis is defined as the ability to resist being altered in order to maintain a stable internal environment. (Homeostasis 2023) It is a relatively constant physical, chemical, or internal state regulated by a living system. This is the ideal state for an organism to function and is able to include many variables such as the modification of body temperature and fluid balances being maintained within a preselected set of limits or range of homeostasis. The state of homeostasis is also essential for two crucial reasons. First all organisms are made up of systems with multiple dynamics, each of these systems are in a state of flux continuously where each of these systems must interact with each other in order to maintain this state of equilibrium and keep the animal healthy and alive. This system needs to be regulated within each individual system and across all of the systems in order to maintain a specific range that can be operated within each system. Secondly, all organisms, both living and nonliving organisms, are a crucial part of the largest external environment which can adapt in strange and uncertain ways. Because of this the organism’s needs to be able to adapt itself to the constantly changing environment to make the environment more livable and further strengthen the organism. Homeostasis is further driven by an organism’s resilience and natural resistance to being altered when the living conditions are ideal and equilibrium is being kept by many regulatory mechanisms. (Wang & Qin, 2022) All control mechanisms contain three components for the regulation process: a control center, a receptor, and an effector. The receptor is part of the body that receives information about the changes that need to be made in the body and send it to the control center, which determines whether the information that was received by the receptors to suggest that the external environment is either beyond or within the range. If in an instance, it is beyond the

specific range then it begins to transmit a signal to the effector. Furthermore, the effector makes changes within the body’s internal environment to restore the altered environment back to a range that can be deemed acceptable. (Libretexts, 2023) As the organism’s body alteration continues to occur both outside and inside of the body, each of these adaptations must be brought at a constant rate. (Marks, 2015) The main concern is to adjust the fitness to weaker and weaker baselines using baselines rather than ranges. A system in a steady state is nearly constant, returning to equilibrium regardless of fluctuations in the external environment. It is able to continuously monitor and respond to changes in the internal and external environment. Homeostatic systems have a normal set of functions that allow them to respond to significant and rapid changes.. This is not a set point which an organism’s failure to maintain this point can put the organism at a major risk. Because of these reasons, the human body’s temperature does not maintain a specific temperature, but a range of temperatures just in case there is a sudden fluctuation of the external environment’s temperature, whether it be hot or cold, the system would be capable of making these shifts without causing the organism harm. (Bellini & Recordati, 2003) Hormones are chemical signals that the body utilizes by the systems within the body to make changes. They are employed to maintain homeostasis by restoring the internal environment back to the temperature of the body is sustained by the hypothalamus, a gland that is present in the brain. This act as a control center and watches over the information sent by the receptors that are present in the skin and bloodstream. The body’s temperature can get too hot or cold, in either if these two scenarios, the body will respond to the outside factors to maintain a steady core temperature of the body. For example, if he temperature of the body drops too much the body releases Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, also known as THR, this signals the anterior pituitary

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gland to secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, or THS. At the end of this process, the THS stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release (T4 and T3) into the blood stream. These hormone increases the body’s metabolic rate, and the body begins to generate more energy and begins to warm itself. In any of these instances if these hormones are disrupted, then there is a chance that the body can become overheated. The body overheating can then put stress on the body and then across all of the internal organs and can potentially result in either heat stroke or heat exhaustion and in worst cases. Heat stroke can make the organism both tired and dizzy. The level of glucose in the blood stream is monitored by alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans which are present in the pancreas. If the level of glucose drops too much, the alpha cells began to secrete glucagon, this then breaks into glucose through process known as glycogenolysis. After this, the glucose is then released into the blood stream which increase the glucose level. If the body fails to produce the hormone of glucagon, it can go into a hypoglycemic state. If the blood sugar is low on the other hand, it can cause the organism to become shakiness and increase the body’s heart rate. In the worst case scenarios the individuals fall into a state of unconsciousness and even seizures. (Rye et al., 2015) The homeostatic system keeps the body's environment within limits and helps the body's organ systems to function optimally. Under certain conditions, impaired homeostasis can lead to disease and disease states. Imbalances in homeostasis can be caused by toxicity or deficiency. Toxicity is when a substance is present in excess, while deficiency is when the amount of that substance is not enough to meet the body's needs. In diabetes, for example, the level of glucose in the blood is so high that other body systems cannot function properly. The body does not produce enough insulin, which can cause blood sugar levels to drop or prevent the body from using insulin effectively. (CH103 - chapter 8: Homeostasis and cellular function 2019)

Homeostasis is very important during pregnancy as it helps the body maintain a proper functional state. In order to grow, you need balance. By regulating body temperature and fluid levels, the body's metabolism proceeds at an ideal rate for normal development. Maintaining state of homeostasis during pregnancy is vitally important during the development of new humans, while they are in their mother’s body. Any disruptions to this state can result in birth defects for the child and other types of complications. An example being if the mother’s blood sugar levels are not regulated during the pregnancy, it can result in a case of gestational diabetes, which can go on to harm the fetus developing in the uterus. Other complications that a mother can face include serious cases of hypertension and preeclampsia that can lead to the mortality of both the mother and fetus. (Nakashima et al., 2020)

References Bellini, T. G., & Recordati, G. (2003). A definition of internal constancy and ... - Wiley Online Library. A definition of internal constancy and homeostasis in the context of non- equilibrium thermodynamics. https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/expphysiol.2003.002633 CH103 - chapter 8: Homeostasis and cellular function. Chemistry. (2019, March 5). https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch103-allied-health- chemistry/ch103-chapter-9-homeostasis-and-cellular-function// Encyclopadia Britannica, inc. (2023, June 26). Homeostasis. Encyclopadia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/homeostasis Libretexts. (2023, January 17). 1.3A: Homeostatic Control. Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy and Physiology/Anatomy and Physiolo gy (Boundless)/1%3A Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology/ 1.3%3A Homeostasis/1.3A%3A Homeostatic Control Marks, D. F. (2015, June 29). Homeostatic theory of obesity. Health psychology open. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5193276/ Nakashima, A., Shima, T., Tsuda, S., Aoki, A., Kawaguchi, M., Yoneda, S., Yamaki-Ushijima, A., Cheng, S.-B., Sharma, S., & Saito, S. (2020, May 7). Disruption of placental homeostasis leads to preeclampsia. International journal of molecular sciences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246800/

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Ramsay, D. S., & Woods, S. C. (2014). Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation. Psychological review, 121(2), 225-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035942 Rye, C., Avissar, Y., Jurukovski, V., Fowler, S., Wise, R., Roush, R., Choi, J., DeSaix, J., Wise, J., Nakano, M., Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015, May 14). 18.3 regulation of Body Processes. Concepts of Biology 1st Canadian Edition. https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/18-3-regulation-of-body-processes/ Torday J. S. (2015). Homeostasis as the Mechanism of Evolution. Biology, 4(3), 573-590. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology4030573 Wang, S., & Qin, L. (2022). Homeostatic Medicine: A strategy for exploring health and disease. Current medicine (Cham, Switzerland). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9510546/

Gwen Roberts Bio Week 5 Project

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