BIO311D WK5 Discussion B Assignment

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIO311D: Week 5 Discussion B  Submit assignment via Canvas by 10pm Fri. 8pts available towards your final grade.  You may complete the assignment by yourself if you choose not to attend discussion times. **Attendance not required –but advised**  For the first 10-15 minutes of discussion, your TA will do a recap of some of the key points covered Wed/Thurs  After, split into your breakout rooms. Work through the assignment below. After a time, your TA will bring you back to talk over your answers before you submit. Q1-4 Relate to the graph below. This is an exercise to give you experience in analyzing a data set. Q1. According to the graph, which type of muscle fiber predominates in endurance athletes (marathon runners and extreme endurance athletes)? [1pt] a) fast b) intermediate c) slow d) a combination of intermediate and fast muscle fibers Name:

Q2. The percentage of intermediate muscle fibers plus fast muscle fibers in world-class sprinters is approximately the same as the percentage of slow muscle fibers in ____________. [1pt] a) a world-class marathon runner b) an average active person c) an extreme endurance athlete d) a middle-distance runner Q3. Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? “World-class sprinters are born with a higher percentage of fast and intermediate muscle fibers than other people have.” [1pt] a) supported b) not supported c) cannot be determined from the graph Q4. Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? “To train as a middle-distance runner, an average person should increase the percentage of slow fibers at the expense of fast fibers.” [1pt] a) supported b) not supported c) cannot be determined from the graph Q5. Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? [1pt] 1. Tropomyosin moves and uncovers the cross-bridge binding sites. 2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 B) 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4

C) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 D) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 E) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 Q6. Action Potential Assignment A nerve impulse travels from the axon hillock to the synaptic terminals by propagating a series of action potentials along the axon. The speed of conduction increases with the diameter of the axon and, in many vertebrate axons, with myelination. Action potentials in axons insulated by myelination appear to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, a process called saltatory conduction. If an action potential lasts from the beginning of the rising phase to the point of maximal undershoot, what is the maximum frequency at which a neuron could fire action potentials? Assume that the neuron can fire only one action potential at a time and that the refractory period following the action potential is equal in length to the action potential. [1pts] a) 0.0023 events per second (Hz) b) 0.0046 events per second (Hz) c) 220 events per second (Hz) d) 430 events per second (Hz)

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Q7. This graph represents a person’s level of Antibodies to antigen A (exposed at day 0 and again at day 28) and Antibodies to antigen B (exposed at day 28). Using the patterns/information presented, if you expose this individual to antigen C on day 56, what are you likely to see? Give a brief explanation of your reasoning. [1pt] a) 10 3 antibodies to B on day 61 b) 10 4 antibodies to A on day 61 c) 10 antibodies to C on day 61 d) 10 antibodies to C on day 67 e) 10 antibodies to A on day 67 Briefly explain your reasoning. [1pt] Looking at the pattern, we can decide that the pattern that is occurring in Antigen A will also occur to Antigen C. After 10-13 days of exposure, we have a primary response that has a magnitude of around 10^1 and around 30 days after, we have a secondary response that brings us to near 10^4.

Looking through the choices, we get C on day 56. On day 61, which is just 5 days after and if we are following the pattern of A, we can barely see the start of the response. In addition, for day 61, magnitudes of 10^4 and 10^3 is way too high based upon the patterns of Antigen A. Hence, when an individual is exposed to Antigen C, any of the antibodies after that should be for Antigen C primarily and not for Antigen A nor B. Lastly, 61 days, just 5 days after the exposure to C, is just not enough time (in comparison to 10-13) following patterns of A. Answer choice D on day 67 is 11 days after the exposure and has the correct magnitude.

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