Difficulties in Preventing Pneumocystis Pneumonia in AIDS Patients

Chapter 22 Post-Lecture Question 6 < 190f19 v Complete M Review v PartA Why is it so difficult to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia infections from occurring in AIDS patients? » View Available Hint(s) The disease is caused by a fungus, and it is difficult to control the spread of spores. Itis asymptomatic, so it is difficult to detect. Pneumocystis jirovecii is a member of the normal microbiota for most people, and it is difficult to prevent contact with it. The disease is caused by a protozoan with resistant cysts that spread through the dust in the air.

Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 1 1of19 > v Complete M Review v PartA Which of the following routes correctly describes the path air would take from your nose into your body? P View Available Hint(s) nose, trachea, pharynx, bronchiole, bronchus, alveolus nose, trachea, pharynx, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus, alveolus nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus Previous Answers v Correct Provide Feedback Next >

Chapter 22 Post-Lecture Question 1 < 20f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA Microorganisms that infect the middle ear cavity most frequently come from the . » View Available Hint(s) sinuses pharynx nasal cavity trachea

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Microbe at a Glance: Histoplasma capsulatum - Question 3 v PartA Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted most commonly through what mechanism? » View Available Hint(s) Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted via inhalation of airborne spores. Histoplasmosis is a water-bore disease. Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted via contact with infected animals. Previous Answers < 3of19 > v Complete M Review

Microbe at a Glance: Histoplasma capsulatum - Question 2 < 4of19 > v Complete MR Review v PartA v 90-95% of the population of the Ohio River Valley has been exposed to Histoplasma capsulatum, but relatively few individuals are diagnosed with histoplasmosis. Why is this so? » View Available Hint(s) The signs and symptoms of clinical histoplasmosis are often confused with tuberculosis and treated as such. Ahealthy immune system clears the infection before signs and symptoms can appear in these individuals. The signs and symptoms of histoplasmosis are so mild and nonspecific that they are never diagnosed. Because it is a common pathogen in this area of the United States, it is recommended that the population be vaccinated for Histoplasma capsulatum.

Microbe at a Glance: Histoplasma capsulatum - Question 1 < 50f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v Antibody tests are commonly used for rapid diagnosis of many types of infection. However, they are NOT particularly useful for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Why is this so? ¥ View Available Hint(s) Cross-reactions with antigens of other closely related fungi make the test unreliable because of false positives. Antibody tests are not useful because no reliable antibodies have been discovered for diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulaturn. Antibody tests are not useful because fungi like Histoplasma capsulatum do not generate an immune response. Antibody tests are not useful because in endemic areas over 95% of the population has been infected without contracting the disease.

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Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 2 < 60f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v Which of the following traits will differentiate pathogenic streptococci found in a patient's pharynx from streptococci that are part of the normal microbiota? » View Available Hint(s) Pathogenic streptococci will produce coagulase, while others will not. Pathogenic streptococci will be catalase positive, while others will not. Pathogenic streptococci will produce beta-lactamases, while others will not. Pathogenic streptococci will be beta-hemolytic, while others will not.

Microbe at a Glance: Aspergillus - Question 1 < 70f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v The diseases caused by Aspergillus species are considered opportunistic. Which of the groups listed here would be most likely to become infected with Aspergillus? » View Available Hint(s) young adults aged 15-24 sexually active young adults AIDS patients patients with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract Previous Answers

Microbe at a Glance: Aspergillus - Question 2 < 8of19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v There are three clinical forms of disease caused by Aspergillus: allergic hypersensitivity, noninvasive aspergilloma, and acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Which of these forms do you think is most common and why? » View Available Hint(s) acute invasive aspergillosis noninvasive aspergilloma allergic hypersensitivity All three forms of disease are equally common. Previous Answers v Correct

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Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 5 < 9of19 > v Complete MR Review v PartA Why is the production of a vaccine for the common cold so difficult? » View Available Hint(s) Cold viruses infect cells of the immune system. Cold viruses rapidly mutate. Our immune system does not respond to cold viruses. The common cold is caused by many different viruses from very different viral families. Previous Answers v Correct

Microbe at a Glance: Streptococcus pneumoniae - Question 1 < 100f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v Streptococcus pneumoniae was originally named Diplococcus pneumoniae. Why was the genus name Diplococcus originally given to this organism? » View Available Hint(s) The prefix di- means “four”, and these organisms are usually found in groups of four under the microscope. The prefix di- means “four”, and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of four. The prefix di- means “wo”, and these organisms are usually found in pairs under the microscope. The prefix di- means “two”, and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of two.

Microbe at a Glance: Streptococcus pneumoniae - Question 4 < 11of19 > v Complete M Review v PartA Streptococcus pneumoniae is found as part of the normal microbiota of the mouth and pharynx and yet can cause disease in some people when it is inhaled into the lungs. Why do you think this is? » View Available Hint(s) The environment in the lungs is more favorable for Streptococcus pneumoniae than the nasopharynx. If Streptococcus pneumoniae s inhaled from the nasopharynx into lungs damaged by a previous viral infection or in an immune-compromised person, it can flourish. If Streptococcus pneumoniae s inhaled deeply enough into the lungs, there are receptors present to which the bacteria can adhere. The bacterium is able to avoid the immune system of the lungs more easily than in the nasopharynx.

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Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 4 < 130f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v What is most likely to occur in a patient infected with a mutant strain of Bordetella pertussis that lacks functional adhesins? » View Available Hint(s) The bacterium would more likely be phagocytized. The bacterium would not be able to hide within blood clots. The bacterium would be highly pathogenic. The bacterium would be less likely to colonize the patient’s lower respiratory system. Bravinnie Ancware

Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 6 v PartA Which of the following organisms causes primary atypical pneumonia? » View Available Hint(s) Mycoplasma pneumoniae Kiebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Previous Answers v Correct < 140f19 > v Complete M Review

Chapter 22 Post-Lecture Question 3 < 160f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA v Afarmer in Arizona has a sudden onset of fever and muscle aches in his legs and trunk, followed by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. His doctor discovers that his leukocyte count is high, platelet count is low, and his blood pressure is dropping. The doctor immediately orders hospitalization. What is the most likely diagnosis? » View Available Hint(s) hantavirus pulmonary syndrome histoplasmosis RSV infection Pneumocystis pneumonia

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Chapter 22 Post-Lecture Question 4 < 170f19 > v Complete MR Review v PartA Which of the following is NOT true of influenza? » View Available Hint(s) Neuraminidase spikes on the influenzavirus hydrolyze mucus, allowing the virus to access the epithelial cells in the lung. Antigenic drift is more likely to result in a major epidemic than is antigenic shift. The presence of fever distinguishes influenza from a cold. Influenzaviruses can remain infective for up to eight hours once they are outside the body.

Chapter 22 Pre-Lecture Question 9 < 18of19 > v PartA Which of the following would be the best preventive measure against histoplasmosis? » View Available Hint(s) scrubbing the skin with antimicrobial soap after exposure to soil wearing goggles when working around pigeons wearing a mask when working around bat or bird droppings prophylactic antimicrobial therapy Previous Answers v Complete M Review

Chapter 22 Post-Lecture Question 10 < 150f19 > v Complete M Review v PartA ‘Which of the following virulence factors is NOT correctly paired with its function? » View Available Hint(s) adenylate cyclase toxin: stimulates mucus production and inhibits leukocyte movement, phagocytosis, and killing capsule: prevents phagocytosis pneumolysin: stimulates endocytosis of bacteria diphtheria toxin: triggers endocytosis and blocks polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotic cells Previous Answers

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Visualize It! Figure 2 < 120f19 > v Complete Reset I ) 5 E S o ) U - ) g = v e \ R \ 4 > [ 4 5 = Wy Mycobacterium Kiebsiella ‘ Corynebacterium Streptococcus tuberculosis pneumoniae diphtheriae pneumoniae

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