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BIL 106 – Biology of Animals Krempels – Fall 2014 Exam III Choose the BEST answer. Two points each. 1. Given their current distribution, the Afrotheria most likely are descended from an ancestor that lived most recently in a. Pangaea b. Laurasia c. Gondwanaland d. Antarctica e. Newark Refer to this list of animals, and match each one with the closest description in #2-6. a. Tenrec c. Sengi e. Hyrax b. Aardvark d. Elephant 2. This highly intelligent animal has a complex social structure, with family groups led by a dominant female/matriarch. 3. The single species has a long nose, no teeth, and a sticky tongue for collecting insect prey. 4. These small herbivores have complex vocalizations that appear to have syntax (i.e., meaningful arrangements of vocalizations to create, effectively, sentences) 5. One species of this little insectivorous tribe, found on Madagascar and in parts of the African mainland, is the only mammal that can stridulate, like a cricket. 6. These small, fast moving insectivores have a very high metabolic rate. They escape predators by dashing down elaborate trails in their habitat that they have memorized. 7. Which of the following is true of manatees and dugongs? a. They are semi-aquatic, coming onto land to rear their young. b. They lack any vestiges of hind limbs, even internally. c. Various species can be found in freshwater, brackish water, or marine environments. d. They have both gills and lungs, and so can breathe under water. e. They are carnivorous. 8. If an animal bears altricial young, the babies are defined as being a. well formed and able to care for themselves shortly after birth. b. helpless, and reliant on their parent for care and feeding at birth. c. born into a pouch, where they nurse until old enough to fend for themselves. d. incubated in eggs laid in a nest. e. fed on mother’s milk for at least three months after birth. 9. Which of the following traits is NOT exhibited by marsupials, such as the kangaroo and koala? a. fleshy, muscular lips c. hair e. egg-laying b. mammary glands d. amniotic egg (derived form) 10. Similar body structures can evolve from completely different ancestral sources if natural selection drives things that way. Such evolution, which can create ecological equivalents that are not derived from a common ancestor (e.g., the kangaroo and the deer are both browsers, but one is a marsupial while the other is placental) is known as a. ecological niche c. genetic drift e. convergent evolution b. adaptive radiation d. migration 11. Which of the following might you find in a cloaca ? a. fecal matter b. eggs c. sperm d. urinary waste e. any of these 12. Monotreme mammals such as the echidna and platypus a. give birth to live young that develop in a pouch b. have leg joints that position the legs under the body, to offer maximum support c. lack teeth as adults d. all of the above e. none of the above 13. Like birds, lizards and snakes lack teeth, and use their powerful jaws to crush and tear prey to be swallowed in large chunks. a. true b. false c. thanks for that image

Match the heart to the of animal that has it in #14-17. a. two-chambered heart b. three-chambered heart c. four-chambered heart 14. Bald Eagle 15. Goldfish 16. Chamaeleon 17. Alligator (Be sure to answer all four questions above! Don’t skip to #18 too soon.) 18. In snakes and lizards, the function of the Jacobson’s Organ (also known as the vomeronasal organ) is a. enhancing color vision d. olfaction/smell b. detecting gravity for balance e. infrared detection c. to facilitate the sense of touch 19. In birds, the air sac system is designed to a. allow aquatic birds to float d. contain the internal organs b. provide air to fill the hollow skeletal bones e. store oxygen in diving birds c. decrease mass without sacrificing body volume 20. In birds, the function of the crop is to , whereas the function of the gizzard is to . a. store toxic nitrogenous waste; store ingested food b. act as a urinary bladder; filter the blood to remove nitrogenous waste c. shorten the tail feathers; distribute pigment along the feather shaft d. serve the same function as the mammal stomach; grind food into small pieces e. collect stones for mineral nutrients; crush the stones to extract the nutrients Match the type of nitrogenous waste to the correct description in #21-25. a. ammonia b. urea c. uric acid 21. This is the least toxic of the three types of nitrogenous waste, but it requires very little water to be flushed from the body. 22. The white, crystalline portion of a bird poop is composed of this. 23. You excrete most of your nitrogenous waste through your kidneys as this compound. 24. This is the most toxic of the three types of nitrogenous waste, and it requires a great deal of water to be diluted and flushed from the body 25. In terms of energy expenditure, this type of nitrogenous waste is the most “expensive” to produce, but it contains more nitrogen atoms than the other two types. 26. The function of the oil droplet in the cone photoreceptor of a bird, lizard, or turtle is to a. filter the spectrum of light entering the pigmented area of the photoreceptor b. keep the photoreceptor lubricated and pliable c. block harmful ultraviolet radiation from entering the eye d. provide color to the eye, which functions in behavioral displays and communication e. facilitate night vision 27. Which of the following is the closest relative of a pink flamingo? a. fruit bat c. Nile crocodile e. yard gnome b. gliding lizard d. dragonfly 28. In birds, the upper maxilla and lower mandible are fused and covered with a keratinous sheath to form the a. primary flight feathers c. pelvis d. coverts b. secondary flight feathers d. bill 29. Which of the following is not found in any diapsid animals? a. diaphragm b. lungs c. feathers d. scales e. intromittent organ/penis 30. Which of these fish is most closely related to the tetrapod animals? a. Coelacanth c. Rainbow Trout e. Squidward b. Great White Shark d. Bottlenosed Dolphin

31. Many birds, such as chickens and pigeons, have a somewhat flattened eyeball, whereas others, such as eagles, owls, and hawks, have an eyeball that is almost tubular in shape. The former type of eye confers , whereas the latter type confers a. daytime vision; nighttime vision d. high resolution vision; high sensitivity to light b. color vision; black and white vision e. protection from UV; Infrared vision c. a wide field of vision; high visual acuity Questions #32-36 are from the film you saw in class, The Secret World of Bats . 32. Which of the following is true of bats? a. almost all of them carry rabies virus d. many species are important seed dispersers b. all species feed on blood e. all of the above are true of bats c. most species are blind 33. In some regions of Asia, people eat bats because a. bat meat is higher in protein than other local meats d. bats are agricultural pests b. bat flesh is believed to be an aphrodisiac e. they taste like chicken c. bat flesh is highly prized for its excellent flavor 34. Which of the following types of bats is an important pollinator of desert cacti? a. blood-feeding bats c. insectivorous bats e. fish eating bats b. frugivorous bats d. nectivorous bats 35. A mother bat a. usually bears a single baby per year b. will nurse any of the babies in the same cohort as her own baby c. can never carry her young with her while in flight d. cannot identify her own baby among the hundreds clinging to the bat cave wall e. when annoyed, throws her baby to the floor of the cave, where it is eaten by beetles 36. Which continent has no bats? a. Australia b. Antarctica c. Eurasia d. North America e. Africa 37. The scutes and scales of a crocodile are homologous to a bird’s a. feet b. beak c. feathers d. uropygial glands e. teeth 38. Of the three main types of crocodilians, which shows few or no teeth when its mouth is closed? a. crocodile b. gharial c. Komodo Dragon d. alligator 39. The main reason that alligators in the Everglades are considered keystone species is because a. they keep bird populations from exploding and taking over the Everglades. b. their droppings provide valuable fertilizer that sawgrass needs to grow. c. they eat the introduced, exotic Burmese Pythons and keep their populations low. d. they dig holes that serve as water reservoirs in dry season, supporting many other species. e. they taste like chicken. 40. A riparian animal is defined as one that a. swallows prey whole or in large chunks d. feeds on amphibians b. lives along riverbanks or other freshwater shores e. is a burrowing animal c. is highly territorial 41. In turtles, which sex has the sexy, inward-curved (concave) plastron? a. males b. females c. intersex d. both sexes 42. Discarded plastic bags and balloons that end up in the ocean are a major danger for sea turtles because a. turtles mistake them for jellyfish, eat them, and suffer fatal intestinal blockages. b. the bags degrade and the harmful petrochemicals in them pollute the water. c. the plastics they are made from leach harmful hormone mimics into the water. d. the turtles get their heads trapped in them and suffocate. e. turtles get so distracted playing with them that they forget to eat and starve to death.

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43. The Tuatara, which lives only in New Zealand a. is rare and endangered d. lacks external ears b. looks like a lizard, but is not a lizard e. all of the above c. is considered a living fossil 44. Which group of reptiles has greater species diversity than any other? a. crocodilians b. lizards c. snakes d. tuataras e. turtles 45. A chamaeleon changes the color and pattern of its skin primarily in response to a. the color of its background c. climate change e. a good caffeine rush b. its emotional/hormonal state d. humidity 46. All lizards are a. ectothermic and poikilothermic c. ectothermic and homeothermic b. endothermic and poikilothermic d. endothermic and homeothermic 47. Which of the following can be found in both some lizards and some snakes ? a. external ears c. legs e. none of the above b. movable eyelids d. venom 48. Pit organs in boas, pythons, and pit vipers process the infrared signature of prey as a. a chemosensory (smell) stimulus d. a visual stimulus b. a tactile/touch stimulus e. a heat stimulus c. a taste stimulus 49. The study of reptiles and amphibians, Herpetology, is derived from the Greek word herpeton , meaning a. “scaled animal” c. “poisonous creature” e. “slimy little creep” b. “primitive beast” d. “crawling thing” 50. Among snakes, the vipers (rattlesnakes, cottonmouth, etc.) and elapids (cobras, mambas, kraits, etc.) are venomous, but all colubrid snakes (the most diverse snake group, including species such as gopher snakes, corn snakes, king snakes, and garter snakes) are non- venomous. a. true b. false c. we will have to do an experiment on this BONUS QUESTIONS – Two points each. No penalty for wrong answers. 51. The ecologically convergent equivalent of a placental anteater is the marsupial a. Tasmanian Wolf c. Numbat e. Flying Phalanger b. Tasmanian Tiger Cat d. Spotted Cuscus 52. Small songbirds are more likely to migrate , whereas predatory birds are more likely to migrate . a. in winter; in summer c. at night; in daylight e. annually; monthly b. in headwinds; in tailwinds d. in warm weather; in cold weather 53. The venom of elapid snakes (e.g. cobras, mambas, coral snakes) kills primarily by a. destroying cells and causing tissue death d. causing severe muscle spasms b. acting on the nervous system to paralyze prey e. converting to alcohol and getting c. causing instant cardiac arrest prey too drunk to run away We like to praise birds for flying. But how much of it is actually flying, and how much it is just sort of coasting from the previous flap? -- Deep Thoughts by Jack Handey

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