Exam #4 Review Guide

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Northern Arizona University *

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182

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Biology

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Nov 24, 2024

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Uploaded by GeneralFog17385

BIO 182 EXAM #4 Study Guide Invertebrates (Chapter 26)  Be familiar with the common characteristics of animals.  What is the most likely ancestor of animals?  What are the 3 major features that were traditionally used to classify animals? Know the different variations on these 3 major features.  What are the features of protostome and deuterostome development?  For this chapter, you should know each of the phylum names (13 total phyla) that are the end points of the phylogenetic tree of invertebrates. Be able to identify important features of each of the phyla. (type of gut, type of tissue, presence or absence of a brain, internal vs external fertilization, etc…)  Know the types of cells that make up sponges and how water travels through a sponge.  Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria.  What is the defining characteristic that differentiates Cnidaria with Ctenophora  What larger group of animals do flatworms, mollusks, and segmented worms belong to?  What is the general body plan of mollusks and how do they feed?  What type of animals are found in the phylum Mollusca?  What does Ecdysis mean?  What is important about the segmentation found in arthropods? What is the name given to this?  Compare and contrast complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.  What phyla are part of the Deuterostomia?  What are the 4 distinctive features that all chordates share? Vertebrates (Chapter 27):  For this chapter, you should know each of the types of animals (Hagfish, lampreys, sharks & rays, bonyfish, lobe/lungfish, amphibians, reptiles & mammals) that are the end points of the phylogenetic tree of vertebrates. You should also be able to be able to draw the tree and know the major traits that divide the clades on the tree.  How did the hinged jaw develop?  What are the 3 features found in bony fish that are lacking in the sharks & rays?  What are the characteristics that make chondrichthyans unique from bony fish?  What is the anatomy of bony fish?  What are the 3 major orders of amphibians and what type of fertilization takes place?  What are the 3 ways amphibians can take up oxygen?  What are the adaptations that were required for animas to live on land?  What is the critical innovation that is seen in the reptiles and mammals that the amphibians lack that finally allowed for vertebrates to break their tie to water?  What are the 4 major living classes of reptiles? Know some distinguishing characteristics for each.  Know which animal has a two-, three-, and four-chambered heart.  What 4 features allowed birds to take flight?  What are 4 unique features of mammals that separate them from other amniotes?

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis (Chapter 32):  What is the hierarchy of organization seen in animals?  Know the 4 main types of tissues and their functions.  What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue & where are they found & what is their function?  What are the 6 types of connective tissue? What are their functions?  What is an organ?  Be able to explain & identify the idea of structure & function.  What is homeostasis? What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained?  Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback.  What is the difference between an endotherm & ectotherm? Which uses more energy to control body temperature?  What is the difference between a conformer and regulator?  How do water and solutes move through tissues?  How does function depend on surface area to volume ratio? All these concepts will be on the exam. If you get these down you will do great! Good luck!

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