ES+2232F_Meteorites

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Western University *

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2232

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Astronomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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ES2232F: Exploring the Planets An Introduction to Planetary Science Lecture: Meteorites
Do you believe in Ets?: Meteorites Theories for falling stones - XVIII Century -Volcanic eruptions -Ejection of terrestrial material -Gas condensation on the atmosphere Scientific evidences for spatial rocks -Ernst Chladni (1794) -Edward Howard (1802) -Jean Baptiste Biot (1803) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Nogata , 861 El Gabal, 221 AD Kaaba,? Ensisheim , 1492 Sienna, 1794 L ´ Aigle, 1803 Historical Developments Meteoritic Science ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Definitions Meteoroid : a small piece of dust, rock, ice, or metal 0.1 mm to 10 m = Meteoroid < 0.1 mm = Dust particle • Mainly fragments from acomet OR an asteroid • A meteoroid that enters atmosphere • Commonly called “falling” or “shooting” stars • A “flash of light” in the sky • Heated by friction (emits light) Meteorite : • Any piece of rock that survives atmospheric entry and lands on the surface • Origin: an asteroid, a comet, or even another planet (e.g. Mars). Meteor : ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Atmospheric interaction • Move at high velocities (~11 – 72 km/s): – Quickly heated to ~2000 K • Slowed down by atmosphere • Outer layers are heated to sufficiently: – Melt and vaporize – Creates fusion crust • Atmospheric friction during descent removes some of this material (ablation): – Commonly lose ~50%of their mass (www.meteorite-recon.com) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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“Shooting stars” • Atmospheric gasessurrounding body become ionized and form a plasma • Atoms emit light after capturing an electron or returning to their ground-state • Streak of light – “Falling” or “shooting” star (meteor) • Appear at an altitude of 90 – 120 km – Disappear at 10 – 30 km • Fireballs – Very bright (news.com.au) Chelyabinsk meteor ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Meteorites • ~20,000 meteorites found on Earth each year – Masses >100 grams – Majority are never found • ~70 – 100 tons of extraterrestrial material accumulate on Earth each day – Most are in the microgram range (geology.com) Hobameteorite Grimsby meteorite ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Meteorite finds • Meteorite find: collected meteorite without it being seen to fall (e.g., Grimsby meteorite 2009). • Meteorites are general given the name of their collection site. ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Hoba meteorite Kamil, Egypt
Where to look for meteorites? ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Why Antarctica Image: ANSMET ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Meteorite Classification Classification is based on: Chemical compositions Mineral compositions Textures Sikhote-Alin Iron-Meteorite Imlac Pallasite Camel Donga Eucrite (Achondrite) Carbonaceous Chondrite Allende ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Meteorite classification ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Differentiation • Process by which a homogenous body becomes heterogeneous. by density . • Driven • Homogeneous body separates into layers with different properties. ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Undifferentiated meteorites Chondrites – Most primitive meteorites Three types: • Ordinary chondrites – Most common meteorite – 5 – 15%iron-nickel • Carbonaceous chondrites – Rich in carbon (up to 5% weight), water (30%weight), and volatile compounds • Enstatite chondrites – Contains mineral enstatite (lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php) (astro.washington.edu) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Chondrite components • CAls: calcium-Aluminum-rich inclusions • Chondrules • Fine-grained, dark matrix • Pre-solar grains • Assembled from nebular dust on the outer layers of a planetesimal – Cosmic sediment 1 µm ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Differentiated meteorites • Achondrites (stony) – Mostly silicate minerals • Stony-iron – Silicate and metals – Originate between iron core and mantle crusts • Iron – Rich in iron and nickel – Originate in cores of larger differentiated bodies (meteorites.com.au) (lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Do we have meteorites from planets and moons?
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Lunar meteorites ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Martian meteorites • SNCmeteorites: – Shergotty – Nakhla – Chassigny ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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• Meteoritic Ancient Grains: • CAIs • Solid particles up to 10 mm diameter • Composed of refractory Ca-Al minerals • Diamonds • Microscopic grains (~10 -9 m) • Formed in stars during Supernova explosions • Occur in interestellar space of the Milky Way Galaxy and in Carbonaceous Chondrites (e.g. Allende) • Silicon Carbide • Microscopic Grains (0.5 to 2.6 x 10 -6 m • Produced by Supernova explosions • Recovered from Carbonaceous Chondrites ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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How do other planets affect impact rates and life on Earth?
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The Big Picture! Collisions • Bring meteorites and leave impact craters • Affect profoundly life on Earth • Future impact pose a threat that we cannot ignore. ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Credits: 'Meteorites; A Journey Trough Space and Time' by Alex Bevan and John de Laeter. Summary ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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