ES+2232F_Asteroids

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Western University *

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2232

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Astronomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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ES 2232F: Exploring the Planets An Introduction to Planetary Science Lecture: Asteroids
ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Eros The Nebular Theory v Accretion: v The process of growing by colliding and sticking. v The Planetesimals Hypothesis: v Planetesimals = “Pieces of Planets”. v Growing objects formed by accretion. v Planetesimal > 1km v attract each other growing v Protoplanets = v > moon-sized planetesimals.
ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Asteroids • Solid, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun: – Irregularly shaped to spherical – Sizerange ~1 km to 950 km – Often pitted or cratered • Left over remnants from formation of Solar System • More than ½million known – Probably many more unknown (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA) (NASA/JPL/JHUAPL) Vesta Eros
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ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Asteroids Eros Credits: Michel et al. (2011) MarcoPolo-R near earth asteroid sample return mission
Asteroids with moons? • Asteroid-moon systems – Over 150 have satellites – Ida wasthe first discovered – Somehave two • Binary asteroid systems – Twobodies of equal size orbit each other – Also triple asteroid systems Ida Dactyl ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Asteroids with moons? Ida Dactyl ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Learn more about the DART mission: https://dart.jhuapl.edu/ Credits: Smallstars 2020 / DART Space X NASA ( https://youtu.be/bFI--8sP0OEb) DART Impact 2022 NASA ( https://youtu.be/N-OvnVdZP_8 )
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Asteroid classes • C-type (chondrite) asteroids – Most common – Clays and silicates – Among most ancient objects • S-type (stony) asteroids – Silicates and metal (Ni-Fe) • M-type (metallic)asteroids – Nickel-iron (NASA/JPL/JHUAPL) Mathilde Eunomia ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets 3 Broad composition classes:
Distribution of asteroids • Main asteroid belt – Located between Mars and Jupiter – Home to most asteroids – ~1.1 – 1.9 million over 1 km; millions of smaller ones • Trojans – Share orbit with a larger planet – L4and L5Lagrangian points keep asteroids from colliding with planet – Jupiter Trojans most significant population ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Did the Titus-Bode Law predict the asteroid belt? ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Earth’s first Trojan asteroid ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Connors, M., Wiegert, P. & Veillet, C. Earth’s Trojan asteroid. Nature 475 , 481–483 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10233
Near-Earth asteroids • Have orbits that pass close by Earth – Within ~0.4 AU • Over >12,000 NEA currently known • Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) – Min. orbital distance with Earth’s orbit < 0.05 AU Over 1,520 known • Continually injected into NEA region from main asteroid belt – Long-term gravitational effects of Jupiter give rise to slow “conveyor belt” – Delivers bodies to inner Solar System (scientificamerican.com) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Vesta • Secondlargest asteroid – ~525 km in diameter • Bright and dark regions – Brightest asteroid • Differentiated – Basaltic crust – Rockymantle – Iron-nickel core (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCAL/MPS/DLR/IDA) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Surface features (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA) Troughs Impact craters Central peak ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Gullies? Look similar to flows of dry material found on the Moon…. …..But…. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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• Largest of the asteroids (950 km diameter): • ClassedasaDwarf planet • Target of NASA’sDAWNmission – Spacecraft went into orbit around Ceres in 2015. – Mission ended in October 2018. ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Planet or Dwarf Planet? Webb Telescope, May 2020 Dawn Spacecraft, Set 2017 NASA, Caltech, UCLA, MPS, IDA NASA/JPL- Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA Hubble Telescope, Jan 2004 NASA/ESA/J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park), M. Mutchler and Z. Levay (STScI)
Ceres • Largest of the asteroids (950 km Dwarf planet diameter) • Classed asa • Target of NASA’sDAWNmission – Spacecraft went into orbit around Ceres in 2015. • Rocky,dusty crust with ice, salt water vapor deposits • Very thin atmosphere: • Differentiated – Solid core and mantle of water ice – Composed of asmuch as25%water (possibly!) Approximate true color image of Cerestaken by Dawn spacecraft Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA/PSI ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Salt deposits on Ceres – Heavily cratered – young, small craters • lack of large craters suggests active surface. – Bright spot in Occator crater: Mg-salt deposit – Erupted brines +sublimation =salts (+ice?) Left and above: Occator crater on Ceres, showing bright Mg- salt deposit in central uplift and crater floor, taken by Dawn spacecraft. Image credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Asteroid Apophis • Apophis – 450 m in length and 170 m wide • Near miss for 13 April 2029, 5 times the radius of Earth and will be visible in: Africa, Asia and Western Asia • It’s orbit will be perturbed (Chodas et al.) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Other near-Earth orbit targets • 54-year rocket stage was thought to be an asteroid • Remnant of the Apollo mission from 1966 • Passedwithin 31,000 miles of Earth during October • Returns in 2036 (San Diego Air and SpaceMuseum) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
Asteroids not of our solar system? ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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• OSIRIS-REx– Mission active • Objective to sample 60g of a B-type carbonaceous asteroid (Bennu) in near-Earth orbit • Sampling took place on 20 October 2020, collecting more material than expected, partly jamming the trap. Now okay. • Departure set for May 2021, arriving at Earth September 2023 ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Asteroid Bennu (NASA) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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ES 2232F: Exploring the Planets An Introduction to Planetary Science Hyabusaupdate
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Sampling an Asteroid • Hayabusa-2 (Japan) lands back on Earth with asteroid material 5th December 2020 • Ryugusampled • 2019 • Several firsts (Japanese State Space Agency) ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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(Japanese State Space Agency)
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Hyabusa-2 (NASA/JPL/JHUAPL) JAXA ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets (NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA)
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Ryugu ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets Ryugu
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JAXA ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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Actual material recovered ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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What we know so far • Ryuguis a C-type asteroid, rich in carbon and water • Also contains clays and hydrated minerals • Formed about 4.5 billion years ago • It has retained its primitive composition • Reflectivity less than 2%; less than asphalt • High porosity and low density • SamplesBennu expected back in 2023 ES 2232F - Exploring the Planets
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