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**Why would some readers of the Jewish Scriptures (e.g., Jews), not refer to them as “The Old Testament?” Conversely, why has that term been common among Christians (e.g., Catholics and Protestants)? - The idea that this holy book is the “old,” followed by the “new,” is a Christian concept, not a Jewish one. - **How many books make up the New Testament in the Roman Catholic and Protestant canons? Today, how many books/documents are in the Jewish Bible? How many books/documents are in the complete Roman Catholic Bible? How many documents are in the complete Protestant Bible? WEEK 5 STUDY QUESTIONS -- TRS 097 -- SPRING 2021 (BARRAM) Pagliarini, Islam (video) ● Questions ○ How do Muslims understand their relationship to the Old Testament and New Testament? What do they consider sacred in the Bible? What are the Bible’s limitations? - They only believe in the old testament and follow the Quantizing which is 100% God's word ○ How do Muslims understand Jesus? - Islam sees Jesus as human, sent as the last prophet of Israel to Jews with the Gospel scripture, affirming but modifying the Mosaic Law. ○ How do Muslims understand Muhammad? How do they understand the Qu’ran (Koran)? - God spoke through him he repeated words he heard from God. The Qurean is perfect and was recited then written down ● Terms ○ Allah - God of Islam

○ What, specifically, was the Catholic Pontifical Biblical Commission’s position on biblical inerrancy? (See the top of p. 6.) Enuma Elish (video) ● Questions ○ According to the Enuma Elish, what is present before anything else? - There was apsu, the sweet water sea and Tiamat, the salt water sea ○ Why does war among the gods break out? - Ea and his brothers would bother Apse and Tiamat. Then Apsu took it in his hands and Ea found out first then killed him then Tiamat was got mad ○ What part of the physical universe is Tiamat identified with? - Sweet water ○ What part of the physical universe is Marduk identified with? - Lighting and fire sun ○ What does Marduk use to defeat Tiamat? - A hurricane ○ What does Marduk do with Tiamat’s body, after defeating her? - used half of her body for the sky and the other half for the earth ○ Who creates the moon and the stars? - Marduk ○ Who creates human beings? Why are they created? What are they created from? - marduk, created to help the Gods and do the work of the Gods on earth ( hard labor) created from bones of the dead monsters ● Terms ○ Apsu - god of fresh water ○ Tiamat - The Babylonian she-dragon of chaos, killed by Marduk in the Enuma Elish, half of her body become the sky, the other half the earth ○ Marduk - Patron god of Babylon, hero of the Babylonian creation epic, Enuma Elish, in which he defeats the monster Tiamat and creates the cosmos from her bifurcated corpse. Bible, Genesis 1-3 (text) ● Questions ○ What is present at the start of the first creation story? In what order does God create things? What is the relationship between days 1-3 and days 4-6? (Look at the footnotes if you need help.) How does God characterize the quality of what God creates? How does the story end? - At the start the earth was without form or shape - God created light, water, vegetation, animals then humans

○ Functional value of a person - what a person can do that is useful to gods work you do equals respect ○ Inherent value of a person - the values each individual person brings respect by default ○ Human dignity - the values each individual person brings respect by default WEEK 7 – STUDY QUESTIONS - BARRAM – TRS 097 – FALL 2022 Bible, Genesis 2-11 (text) ○ According to the second creation story (Genesis 2-3), the story of Cain and Abel (Genesis 4), and the story of Noah (Genesis 6-9), who is responsible for good in the world? Who is responsible for evil? - Good- is things created by God - Evil- is something that is tempting to go against God which humans are responsible for ○ Why does God flood the earth? Why does God save Noah? What are the components of the covenant with Noah? - God floods the earth as a judgement a block in the way of humanity's wickedness - He saves noah to start a new beginning and a chance to have a different end - In the covenant God says he will never do a something like a flood again. - the flood is about God's mercy and commitment to the goodness of what he has made - Noah made the towel of babble Terms ● Eden ● Tree of life - Immortality and Rebirth ● Tree of the knowledge of good and evil ● Adam ● Eve ● Cain - Adam and Eve's first son and murderer of his brother, Abel ● Abel - Adam and Eve's second son. Murdered by his brother Cain ● Seth - Adam and Eve's third son and eventual heir. His line carried on the true worship of God in contrast to the evil line of Cain. ● Enoch - Fanatical Christian convert, rips off the mask of an egwugwu, father is priest of the snake cult, Umuofia burns his house

○ Normative - God creates a first being called adham God created males to be superior to females ○ Patriarchy - A form of social organization in which males dominate females ○ Androcentrism - the assumption that male perspective is default perspective ○ ’adham ○ ‘Ezer - "Ezer" (usually translated "helper") has historically been defined in terms of marriage, motherhood and domesticity. ○ Neged - opposite ○ ’Ish - man of ○ ’Ishshah - wife Role of Believing Women (text) ● Questions ○ What does this author think it means that God created a first being called ’adham ? - Created a man ○ What does this author think it means that God created a second being to be ‘ezer and neged to the first? - that the male is dominant ○ What does this author think it means that a snake approaches the woman and convinces her to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree? - it is the devil and that she is easily manipulated ○ What does this author think it means that the story ends with God saying that the man shall rule over the woman? - it is the devil and that she is easily manipulated Trible, Eve and Adam (text) ● Questions ○ What does this author think it means that God created a first being called ’adham ? - Means human ○ What does this author think it means that God created a second being to be ‘ezer and neged to the first? - it is the devil and that she is easily manipulated ○ What does this author think it means that a snake approaches the woman and convinces her to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree? - we don't know why ○ What does this author think it means that the story ends with God saying that the man shall rule over the woman? - the subordination of female to male signifies their shared sin Barram, Wisdom Literature (class and readings)

- outlawed jewish, illegal to study the torah, people had to eat pork, killed uncircumcised babies ○ What were some of the reactions to Antiochus’s mistreatment of the Jewish people? - some complied other began to plan a revolution ○ In what ways does the persecution under Antiochus compel a different way of thinking about theodicy in the Jewish tradition? Be able to explain the new response to theodicy that develops. - they showed they had to take things in their control and that even through their suffering they never did wrong ○ What changes in ideas about the afterlife arise in Second Temple Judaism, especially during the persecution under Antiochus? - the second age to come it is the remaking of resurrection ○ What does Messiah (or Christ) mean? - Anointed one ● Terms ○ Hellenization - The spread of Greek culture, begun during the time of Alexander the Great ○ Septuagint - Greek translation of the Old Testament ○ Judas Maccabeus - The Jewish General who led the revolt against Antiochus IV. ○ Hanukkah - (Judaism) an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC ○ Theodicy ○ Sheol - The Hebrew name for the underworld ○ Present Evil Age - plays into the two age apocalyptic one phase is the present ○ Age to Come - The biblical view of history in which God would act in the future to renew and restore the creation. The age to come would be marked by peace, renewal. It was connected to the hope of an Messiah. ○ Messiah/Christ - "Anointed One") The promised deliverer of Israel from the line of David who would establish God's rule. ○ General resurrection - Everyone's soul being united with his or her body on judgement day ○ Eschatology - study of the end times Bible, 1-2 Maccabees, Daniel (text) ● Questions ○ What kinds of attacks does Antiochus IV carry out on the Jewish religion, according to 1-2 Maccabees? What two (opposing) responses to forced Hellenization do we see among the Jewish people? Why do Eleazer and the seven

○ What are the perceived “cosmic” problems in Second Temple Judaism? What are the three major types of hostile forces that are believed to dominate the world? What are the hoped-for solutions? - Problems - the world is dominated by forces of hostile to/ at war with God - spirtiual; satan - existential death, disease - political:evil foreign empires - Solutions - God will defat these hostile cosmic forces and will rule in an age to come - binding demons (below earth) - ending death, disease - destroy evil foreign empires STUDY QUESTIONS FOR WEEK 9 - TRS 097 - Barram – Fall 2022 Barram, NT World (video) ● Questions ○ What was the point of religion from a Roman (pagan) perspective? Why was Jewish (and Christian) exclusive monotheism a problem from a Roman perspective? - Roman - making sure gods are happy and you can worship whatever god - Jewish/christian - monotheism ○ What are the four major Jewish sects in first century Palestine? - Pharisees - sadducees - essences - zealots ○ What unique elements characterized the Pharisees? - lay people not working for the church - very faithful/ obey the law - believed in two age - closet perspective to God

○ Christology - The branch of Christian theology that studies the nature, Person, and works of Jesus Christ. ○ Discipleship - the mandate of all baptized Christians to follow Jesus and participate in his role as priest, prophet, and king Flanagin, Kingdom of God (video) ● Questions ○ What does “kingdom of God” mean literally? - God's rule or God's dominion ○ What are the two basic paradigms of the “kingdom of God” that are being contrasted in Mark’s gospel? - Paradigm #1 - davidic king (political power/ glory) - national problem to roman imperial domination - Paradigm #2 - suffering servant (vicarious/ redemptive suffering) - cosmic problem of sin and death ○ For those who saw the “kingdom” according to the “Davidic king” paradigm, what specific things did they believe the Messiah would do? How is this illustrated in Psalm 2? How is this illustrated in Isaiah 11? (See “Hope in Second Temple Judaism” lecture, week 8.) How is this illustrated by the Jerusalem crowds in Mark 11, by Peter in Mark 8, and by James and John in Mark 10? - Psalm 2 - God is laughing domination of the other nations - finally going to get dominate the romans - Mark 11 - royal welcome to Jesus - smash romans - Mark 8 - contrast of the wrong meaning of messiah to the right meaning - Mark 10 - they are ignoring what is actually going to happen to Jesus ○ In light of this paradigm, why was Jesus’ death on the cross so shocking? - Jesus was the messiah - Jesus did not defeat the romans he was not a national savior - Jesus died horribly on a cross ○ What are the components of the second paradigm for understanding the “kingdom of God” and the “messiah”, as illustrated in Mark’s gospel? What does it mean that Mark consistently refers to Jesus by the title “Son of Man”, as in Daniel 7?

What does it mean that Mark intentionally frames Jesus’ death in language drawn from Psalm 22 (the righteous sufferer) and Isaiah 52-53 (the suffering servant)? - Daniel 7 - trying to show that Jesus was the son of man - brings about the kingdom - Psalm 22 - crying out to god why it is happening to them - meaning of why he died on the cross - he didn't deserve to die - changes things to God - Isaiah 52 - Jesus died for our sins ○ What does Mark (along with most of early Christianity) think is the meaning of Jesus’ death on the cross? - Jesus died for our sins ○ If Mark’s Christology highlights Jesus as the Messiah who establishes a kingdom not by imposing his power but by serving others and suffering on their behalf, what does that mean for Jesus’ followers (i.e., his disciples) about how they must live? - you will not dominate you should serve other just like Jesus did for you act and live like Jesus ● Terms ○ Davidic king - someone who will help take down the romans ○ Vicarious - adj.) performed, suffered, or otherwise experienced by one person in place of another ○ Son of Man - A title Jesus used to refer to himself. It emphasizes both Jesus' humanity and divinity. Bible: Mark (text) ● Questions ○ How does Mark begin? How is Jesus introduced? What does the voice from heaven say? - He begins by saying what he thinks - He is introduced by John the baptist - you are my beloved son ○ Where does Jesus spend most of his time in his ministry in Mark 1-8? What sorts of actions and sayings characterize his ministry in the first half of the gospel? - summary of Jesus' message Good news God's kingdom has come near

- God's rescue operation for the world, confrontation with evil, invitation to live under God's reign - stories showing Jesus's abilities example healing ability some follow others reject and others don't know what to think ○ Why are some people upset that Jesus eats with “sinners” (= Jews who don’t observe Torah)? Why is it shocking that he touches the ritually impure (e.g., lepers, the woman with the hemorrhage)? Why are some people upset that Jesus heals on the Sabbath? How does he respond to those criticisms? - he address it right away by saying not everyone will accept me and that is fine - Jesus is the messiah and is not the kind people expected - even among the disciples there is confusion ○ In the middle section of Mark (chs. 8-10), when Jesus and his disciples are on their way to Jerusalem, the focus is on Jesus’ identity and mission. What themes are emphasized about who Jesus is and what he was sent to do? - Jesus is a victorious king that is here to defeat the romans - while he thinks he is the suffering servant - the disciples do not get it and jesus makes them aware that it is like dying rejecting violence and ride acts of service and love - the son of man did not come to be served but to become a servant and give his life ○ What does Jesus say and do to critique the Temple in Jerusalem? What does he say is going to happen to the Temple? - he goes to authority and says what they are doing wrong - Jesus says that the temple and the people will be destroyed within a generation ○ When is the “end” expected to come, according to Mark 13? - When he passes ○ What motivates the chief priests in Jerusalem to have Jesus arrested and sentenced to death (see Mark 11:15-18; 14:58; 15:29)? What reason does Pontius Pilate give for killing Jesus (see Mark 15:2, 18, 26)? - he was testing his authority ○ What elements from Psalm 22, Psalm 69, and Isaiah 52-53 does Mark incorporate into his narration of Jesus’ suffering (‘passion’)? - he died for our sins ○ How does Mark end?

- Jesus was not found in the cave showing he did not die but he died for everyone's sins ● Terms ○ John the Baptist - Baptized Jesus and introduced ○ Elijah - The great prophet who challenged the pagan rulers of Israel. He was taken up to Heaven in a fiery chariot. ○ Baptism - Sacrament by which God cleanses all sin, and one becomes a member of the church. ○ Nazareth - Where Jesus grew up ○ Galilee - A large region in the north of the modern nation of Israel, north of Samaria at the time of Jesus. ○ Simon (Peter) - Leader of the apostles following Jesus and his teachings ○ James - True Religion and Good Works ○ John - Son of God ○ The Twelve - The twelve selected from the disciples to be Jesus' closest disciples ○ Blasphemy - an act, utterance, or writing showing contempt for something sacred ○ Parable - A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson ○ Judas Iscariot - The disciple who betrayed Jesus ○ Gethsemane - is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem where, according to the four Gospels of the New Testament, Jesus underwent the agony ○ Pontius Pilate - The Roman governor of Judea. Although he found Jesus guilty of nothing, he sentenced him to death by crucifixion. ○ Barabbas - A robber and murderer whom Pontius Pilate wanted to condemn to death instead of Jesus. ○ Simon of Cyrene - The man who was forced to help carry Jesus' cross to Golgotha ○ Centurion - Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers) ○ Mary Magdalene - One of the women who followed Jesus. She was the first person to have seen the risen Lord. ○ Joseph of Arimathea - An influential member of the Sanhedrin who buried Jesus' body in his own tomb. ○ Empty Tomb - The first sign of the Resurrection ○ Longer/Shorter Ending of Mark - longer; jesus appeared and spoke to his disciples Shorter; women found and left Barram, Intro to Mark, class ● Questions ○ How many gospels are there in the New Testament? What are their names? Which was likely written first? - four

- Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John - matthew and luke - ○ When was Mark written? What was happening at that time? - (c. 65-70) - roman history - ○ Who wrote Mark? What does tradition say? What can we say based on the text alone? - peter and paul - they are closely associated with God its simple greek ○ What can we say about the audience that Mark wrote for? How do we know? - unfamiliar with Judaism and aramid - not the highest quality of grammar - elementary greek- parataxis ○ On a stylistic level, what can we say about the grammar of Mark? About the pace and urgency? - lementary greek-parataxis - urgency; immediately - characteristic verb tense; historical present - often wordy and hight descriptive (by comparison, with what luke says) ○ Be able to discuss the plot and purpose of Mark’s Gospel. Consider Mark’s so-called “messianic secret” (i.e., the secrecy that Jesus seems to manifest, particularly in the early part of the narrative, about his own identity). What does Mark seem to want to communicate about Jesus’ identity? What kind of messiah is Jesus (and how does the Gospel of Mark suggest that people have inaccurate expectations of what kind of messiah he will be)? In the plot, especially in the first half of the Gospel, what does Jesus do? Who is he? Who knows who he really is, especially during the early portions of the Gospel? (E.g., God, narrator, demons.) Who doesn't? (E.g., religious leaders, disciples, human beings.) ○ The plot and purpose of Mark’s Gospel is to show the love and determination Jesus has to drive out evil, defying the Roman empire and mean while building a following of trusted followers. Traveling the land helps everyone with whatever their problems may be leprosy, evil spirits, handicaps etc. Meanwhile at all times he tries to stay in cover and always tell people not to tell them who helped them as to remain hidden.

○ The people that know him and praise him are the demons/evil spirits they throw themselves on the ground and beg to not be removed from the person's body. ○ The event in Caesarea Philippi may be the "turning point" of the Gospel narrative (8:27-30). Why? Why are Peter and the others unable to understand and accept that Jesus anticipates he will suffer and die? - he confesses he is the messiah - cause they thought he was there to beat the romans ○ It could be argued that 10:45 is the “crux” of the Gospel. Why? - those who don't see triple of powers can recognize jesus - discipleship is a key to maker - he died for our sins and came back to life cause he had no sins ○ Why does Mark frame chapters 8-10 with the story of the healing of two blind men? - to show that Jesus has power messiah ○ Why does Mark “sandwich” the story of Jesus’ criticism of the Temple in the middle of the story of the fig tree? - sandwiching two stories to comment on both - use of inclusion - draws back to the main idea - repetitive cycles - convince who jesus is and have faith in him ○ What are some examples from the Gospel of Mark in which Jesus is depicted as involved in a cosmic struggle between God and the hostile forces of Satan/sin/death/evil? - Jesus seems to hide his identity especially when he displays power as an exorcist and healer (messianic secret) - only the demons really get him - Jesus will protect people from them ○ How are the disciples portrayed in Mark? - They are confused ○ How does Mark portray the cross as Jesus’ coronation? - Horrible thing

○ Explain the reaction of the centurion at Jesus' crucifixion from Mark's perspective. ○ What is bizarre about the ending of Mark? - He resurrected ● Terms ○ John Mark - Author of the gospel of Mark ○ Aramaic - Language jesus spoke ○ Historical present - use of the present tense to describe past events ○ Parataxis - writing successive independent clauses, with coordinating conjunctions, or no conjunctions ○ Intercalation (“sandwich” technique) - mixing two stories to comment on both ○ Inclusio - draws back to main idea ○ Repetitive cycles - convince who jesus is and have faith in him ○ Disciple - A follower of Jesus ○ “The Strong Man” - wages against satan binding the strong man and plundering his house ○ Messianic secret - A theme in the Gospel of Mark that portrays the disciples and others as recognizing Jesus' identity as the Messiah. However, Jesus directed them not to tell anyone else. ○ Son of God Barram, Missional Economics (text) ● Questions ○ When the rich man approaches Jesus in Mark 10, what is he seeking from Jesus? What is Jesus' initial answer to the rich man? What good has the rich man already done? What does he “lack”, according to Jesus? Why does the rich man go away grieving? -When the rich man approaches Jesus he is says good teacher….what must i do to get Eternal Life -Jesus' initial answer is why do you call me good? -The good that the rich man says he has done is follow the commandments -Jesus tells him one thing he lacks is giving to the poor -The man goes away grieving as he is rich and greedy ○ Why were his disciples so shocked by Jesus’ teaching about wealth? What does Jesus mean by his teaching about the camel and the eye of a needle? What (fictional) explanations have many Bible readers used to try to make Jesus’ statement not mean a literal camel and a literal needle? -Because they thought that those who were wealthy meant that they were more favored by God which would mean that they had a “guaranteed” place in heaven.

-Some biblical readers have tried to hypothesize that needle Jesus refers to a small gateway in Jerusalem that animals used to pass through. Or that it doesn’t mean camel but actually rope as the words are very similar in greek ○ What (or who) makes salvation possible, according to Jesus?\ -Jesus says God makes our salvation but we must be willing to let God save us ○ What can Jesus’ disciples, who have left everything, expect to receive in exchange for their sacrifice? Be able to explain Jesus’ response to Peter—that they will receive a hundred times what they give up in this age, and how that could make sense, according to Missional Economics ? -Jesus seems to reassure Peter that those who devote and give their life to further the cause of the kingdom will not be left without seeing their needs. ○ If a reader hears Jesus’ words to the rich man as “good news” or “bad news”, what does that say about their social location? -well if they hear that as good news it means they are not in the best social location and don’t have a lot going for them economically -If this is bad news means they are doing really well economically and should probably start giving/sharing or deal with the consequences ● Terms ○ Eternal life ○ Cheap grace - Taking God’s love for granted