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Reproductive Changes
Miranda Sue Davis
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
PSY-358: Adult Development and Aging
Professor Dane Nielsen
October 19, 2023
Reproductive Changes
As we grow and go through adult development, our bodies go through several
major physical changes. These changes can be reproductive changes, skin changes,
cardiovascular changes, and many more. Reproductive changes consist in both women and men
as we get older. In women, it is called menopause and in men, it is known as erectile dysfunction
(Cavanaugh, 2024).
Menopause is the end of a women’s menstrual cycle (WebMD, 2023) and erectile
dysfunction is the inability of a man to develop an erection that is sufficient for intercourse (The
North American Menopause Society, 2023). Menopause typically happens between 30s to mid
50s. menopause is the sign that a woman no longer has the ability to have children (John
Hopkins Medicine, 2023). John Hopkins Medicine tells us that some factors that can make
menopause worse are as follows: spicy foods, alcohol, coffee, tea, other hot beverages, and stress
levels (2023). When it comes to erectile dysfunction for men, there are several factors that could
cause the process to speed up. Medical conditions, such as diabetes and heart conditions, tobacco
use, overweight, prostate surgery, radiation treatments, injuries, medications, such as
antidepressants, antihistamines, high blood pressure, pain, or prostate medications, stress,
anxiety, depression, and drug or alcohol use are all factors that can exacerbate erectile
dysfunction (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
During both menopause and erectile dysfunction there are physical, psychological, and
social effects. When a woman goes through menopause, the physical affects on her body can be
the following, but not limited to, irregular period, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, chills, night
sweat, sleep problems, mood changes, weight gain, slowed metabolism, thinning of the hair, dry
skin, and loss of breast fullness (Mayo Clinic, 2023). Some psychological effects are anger,
irritability, anxiety, forgetfulness, loss of self-esteem, loss of confidence, low mood, feeling of
sadness and depression, and poor concentration (Scottish Government, 2022).
Menopause can
affect a woman socially by feeling embarrassed from hot flashes, stress, anxiety, discomfort, low
confidence and feeling out of control (Highland Sexual Health, 2023). When it comes to erectile
dysfunction, there are several physical effects. Theya re as follows: heart disease, atherosclerosis,
high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Parkinson’s
Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, certain prescription medications, tobacco use, Peyronie’s Disease
(scar tissue in the penis), alcoholism, drug use, sleep disorders, treatments from prostate cancer,
surgeries that affect the pelvic area or the spinal cord, and low testosterone (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
Psychological affects include depression, anxiety, other medical conditions, stress, relationship
problems due to stress, and poor communication skills with partner. Erectile dysfunction also has
social affects, they are an unsatisfactory sex life, stress, anxiety, embarrassment, low self-esteem,
relationship problems, and the inability to get your partner pregnant (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
There are treatments for menopause. The most common is called Hormone Replacement
Therapy (HRT). Hormone Replacement Therapy is a treatment used to relieve symptoms of
menopause. It replaces the female hormones that are at a lower lever as you experience the
menopause (NHS inform, 2023). NHS inform tells that Hormone Replacement Therapy involves
using oestrogen to replace your body’s own levels around the time of menopause (2023). Per
NHS, there are different types and doses of Hormone Replacement Therapy. Ostrogen comes as
skin patches, a gel or spray to put on the skin, implants, and tablets (2023). Many people believe
that Kegel exercises are to help a woman control their vaginal movements, however, kegel
exercises can help with premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. There are three kegel
exercises that are best to help erectile dysfunction. They are floor laying on your back squeezes,
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which is laying on your back with your hands flat on the floor, and knees bent comfortably,
pointing upwards. Drawing your penis inward towards your body and holding it five seconds.
Then squeezing your anus muscles as if you are trying to stop a bowel movement for five
seconds, and release. Repeat eight to ten times. Then we have floor lying on your side squeezes,
which is laying on the floor on your side, placing a pillow between your knees, squeeze your legs
together and holding for five seconds and releasing. Repeat eight to ten times. Finally, sitting in a
chair squeezes, which sitting a n chair comfortably, squeezing your penis with just the muscles as
if you are trying to stop yourself from urinating, hold for five seconds and release. Repeat eight
to ten times (Robinson, 2022).
Overall, menopause and erectile dysfunction are all something that we will experience at
some point our lives as we grow older and go through physical changes. But it is no need to
panic! If you do panic, do not hesitate to ask someone about it. There are several treatments and
courses of action that one can take when they are experiencing menopause and erectile
dysfunction.
References
Cavanaugh, J. C. (2024).
Adult development and aging
(9th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN-13:
9780357796276.
Highland Sexual Health. (2023). Impact of Menopause.
https://www.highlandsexualhealth.co.uk/menopause/impact-menopause#:~:text=Hot
%20flushes%20are%20associated%20with,which%20triggers%20further%20hot
%20flushes
.
John Hopkins Medicine. (2023). Introduction to Menopause.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/introduction-to-
menopause#:~:text=Avoid%20foods%20and%20beverages%20that,Stress%20may
%20worsen%20hot%20flashes
.
Mayo Clinic. (2023). Erectile Dysfunction.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20355776
Mayo Clinic. (2023). Menopause.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397
NHS Inform. (2023). Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).
https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-
and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/hormone-replacement-
therapy-hrt/
Robinson, J. (2022). Best Kegel Exercises for Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and Premature
Ejaculation.
https://www.webmd.com/men/best-exercises-erectile-dysfunction-
premature-ejaculation
Scottish Government. (2023). Menopause and Your Wellbeing.
https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/later-years-around-50-years-
and-over/menopause-and-post-menopause-health/menopause-and-your-mental-
wellbeing/#:~:text=loss%20of%20self%2Desteem,fog'%20and%2For%20lost%20words
The North American Menopause Society. (2023). Erectile Dysfunction in a Male Partner.
https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/sexual-
problems-at-midlife/erectile-dysfunction-in-a-male-partner#:~:text=Home%20%3E
%20For%20Women%20%3E%20Sexual%20Health,erection%20that's%20sufficient
%20for%20intercourse
.
WebMD. (2023). Menopause.
https://www.webmd.com/menopause/menopause-basics
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