Hazards to Prenatal Development
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PSY-355
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Arts Humanities
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Jan 9, 2024
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Hazards to Prenatal Development
Miranda Sue Davis
College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Grand Canyon University
PSY-355: Child and Adolescent Psychology
Dr. Minja Vallo
October 9, 2023
Prenatal development is comprised of stages or periods. Those periods are called the germinal period, the embryonic period, and the fetal period. The prenatal stages are all equally important in an infant’s development. There are several things that an expecting mother can do to
help or to harm the prenatal development stages. Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard state that “prenatal development typically begins with fertilization and ends with the birth of the baby, this lasts 266 days or typically 38 weeks from conception (2021). They also state that the germinal period takes place in the first two weeks after conception. The germinal stage includes the creation of the fertilized egg, also called the zygote, cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall”. Per Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard, the embryonic stage occurs from two to eight weeks after conception. In the embryonic period or stage, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells start to form, and organs begin to appear (2021). The fetal period lasts about seven months. At this prenatal developmental stage is where the fetus does a majority of its development into a human baby (Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-
Deckard, 2021). Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard state that the fetal stage begins two months after conception and lasts about seven months, resulting in nine months or thirty-eight weeks of pregnancy (2021). The way women take care of themselves has a huge impact on prenatal development. There are several things that women can do to their bodies and the fetus that is going through prenatal development inside of them that is hazardous.
In an article in the European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, titled A practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development, they use neurosonography and magnetic resonance imaging, otherwise known as an MRI to show what some hazards can do to prenatal development. They tell us that cortical development is defined as the process by which the cerebral cortex is formed in mammals (Sagie, Pogledic, Levibvitz, and Malinger, 2021).
Sagie, Podledic, Levibovitz, and Malinger tells us that when hazards are found they are usually some of these bu that they are not limited to these, ventriculomegaly, asymmetric ventricles, commissural anomalies, absent cavum septum pellucidum, cerebellar vermain and or hemispheric anomalies, abnormal head circumferences, multiple CNS malformations, and other associated systemic defects (2021). Araujo, Vabre, Benevent, Sommet, Damase-Michel, Huralt-Delarue, and Lacroix tell us that in their article titled Risk of pregnancy termination and congenital anomalies after domperidone exposure: a study in the EFEMERIS database, that they conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing pregnant women exposed and unexposed to domperidone during pregnancy (2021). The overall results in their retrospective cohort study was that thirteen thousand nine hundred sixty-four or 10.3 percent of pregnancies were given domperidone. More than 75 percent of those pregnancies were exposed to during their first trimester of pregnancy (Araujo, Vabre, Benevent, Sommet, Damase-Michel, Huralt-Delarue, and Lacroix, 2021). They also tell us that the malformation rate in fetuses or newborns exposed in utero (the first trimester), to domperidone is comparable to that of unexposed fetuses or newborns (Arujo, Vabre, Benevent, Sommet, Damase-Michel, Huralt-Delarue, and Lacroix, 2021). In another article by Khalaf, Abulnour, Mohamed, Elhamy, and Saleh titled Comparison between fetal fibronectin versus ultrasonographic assessment of the cervical length in patients with unfavourable cervix in prediction of successful induction in labor that they conducted a prospective study at Ain Shams University. their participants were selected from those attending in Obstetrics Outpatient Department who were nullipara pregnant women (2023). They tell us that when the advantages of delivery for the mother or the fetus outweigh the hazards of continuing the pregnancy that labor should then be induced. They also state that “although
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transvaginal cervical length measurement provides an objective way to evaluate the cervix when the Bishop score is equivocal, it may not be able to predict failed inductions with enough accuracy, but it can help identify women who are at risk for caesarean delivery (Khalaf, Abulnour, Mohamed, Elhamy, and Saleh, 2023). In all three of the articles that I read and summarized above I do believe that all of them were ethical. I also do not believe that they could have conducted a different study to pretain the results. However, if I had to pick a study, I would suggest that they could have conducted an observational study or a group study. I think that either of those would do just as much justice to get some great results to the different article studies. After reading the above three articles and our textbook I have learned that there are several hazards to prenatal development. I have also learned that some of these prenatal problems are caused by certain prenatal hazards can be found before a newborn is born, mostly upon request of the pregnant mother. I found out by reading chapter three of our textbook titled Children by Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard that several of these hazards are more common than we know (2021). Snatrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard tell us some od these hazards are caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin (2021).
I also found that incompatible blood types could be potentially hazardous to prenatal development, this was something that was new to me because I did not know that blood could be
incompatible or that incompatible blood types coluld cause to be hazardous to prenatal development (Santrock, Lansford, and Deater-Deckard, 2021). After doing research on the hazards to prenatal development, I can honestly say that I truly do have a better understanding of conducting research. I can also say that I have learned that on can conduct a research study on
just about anything and everything, what matters is the type of research study that is conducted to able to get the best results for what one is trying to figure out or what one wants to know.
References
Araujo, M., Vabre, C., Benevent, J., Sommet, A., Damase-Michel, C., Hurault-Delarue, C., & Lacroix, I. (2021). Risk of Pregnancy Termination and Congenital Anomalies After Domperidone Exposure: A Study in the EFEMERIS Database: An International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. Drug Safety, 44(7), 787-796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01077-9
Khalaf, W. M., Abulnour, A. A., Mohamed, M. E., Elhamy, H. M., & Saleh, A. M. (2023). Comparison between Fetal Fibronectin Versus Ultrasonographic Assessment of The Cervical Length in Patients with Unfavourable Cervix in Prediction of Successfu Induction of Labor. Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 92(1), 6501–6507. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.21608/ejhm.2023.315690
Santrock, J. W., Lansford, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2022). Children (15th ed.). McGraw Hill
LLC. ISBN-13: 9781260726794
Tally Lerman-Sagie, Ivana Pogledic, Zvi Leibovitz, Gustavo Malinger, (2021). A practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, Volume 34, 2021, Pages 50-61, ISSN 1090-3798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.08.001.
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