Chapter 21 notes

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Chapter 21 notes ❖ The Modern World: 1800–1945 ➢ Driven by technological progress and characterized by rapid change, the 19th century gave birth to our industrialized middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, and mass consumption, including the mass consumption of leisure activities such as shopping, going to entertainment, and visiting art museums. ➢ Art museums developed in the 19th century, and the first national museum was the Louvre in Paris. Art Museum Louvre in Paris

❖ Neoclassicism and Romanticism ➢ Neoclassical style emerged in the 18th century, drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art. It emphasizes simplicity, order, and classical aesthetics in various forms of artistic expression, including architecture, art, and literature. ➢ Neoclassicists felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the bible. ★ Neoclassicism:- characterized by clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Jupiter and Thetis. ★ Neoclassical Artists examples are Jaques-Louis David and Jean Auguste-Dominique Ingres ➢ Romantic artists were driven by a desire against the “Age of Reason” and to explore emotions, individual expression, and the sublime in their works.

➢ Romantic artists gloried in such subjects as mysterious or awe-inspiring landscapes, picturesque ruins, extreme or tumultuous events and the struggle for liberty, and scenes of exotic cultures. ★ Romanticism:- urged using imagination, emotions, intuition, and individual experience in artwork. Eugène Delacroix. The Women of Algiers. 1834. ★ Examples of romanticist artists are Delacroix and Goya.

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❖ Realism ➢ Realism:- the reaction against Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Sought to depict the everyday and ordinary for their subjects. Also, the first movement was born in the 19th century. ➢ Their works unmasked the true lives of the middle and lower classes for art viewers. Honoré Daumier. Rue Transnonain. 1834. Lithograph, 11 ¼ × 17 ⅜". ★ An example of a Realism artist is Gustave Courbet ❖ Manet and Impressionism ➢ In 19th-century France, the mark of an artist’s success was acceptance at the annual Salon.

➢ In 1863, the Salon jury rejected almost three thousand of the submitted works, which caused such an uproar among the spurned artists and their supporters that a second official exhibition was mounted: the “Salon des Refusés.” Édouard Manet. Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe. 1863. Oil on canvas, 7' × 8' 10" ★ Manet's two goals are to paint modern life and update two Renaissance images as parodies. ❖ Impressionism:- aimed to capture the impression. Artists did not want to portray a literal landscape but the sensation of a landscape. ➢ It is characterized by its focus on capturing fleeting impressions of light, color, and atmosphere in a spontaneous and subjective manner. ➢ Impressionist painters sought to depict the changing effects of natural light and the transient qualities of their subjects.

Berthe Morisot. Summer’s Day. 1879. Oil on canvas, 18 × 29 ¼". ❖ Post-Impressionism ➢ Post-Impressionism:- diversity of artists that came after Impressionism. Carried on the bright palette and direct painting technique. ➢ Examples of Post-impressionism artists are Seurat, Degas, Van-Gogh, Gauguin, and Cezanne. ➢ Pointillism Technique:- Dots and dashes of color are optically blended when viewed. Created by Seurat.

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❖ Bridging the Atlantic: The Americas in the 19th Century ➢ Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism were broad trends in the Americas. ➢ Artists traveled both to and from Europe for study and new opportunities. ➢ The Americas in the 19th Century" provides a unique opportunity to explore the artistic connections and cross-pollination that occurred between different regions of the Americas during this transformative period. Mary Cassatt. Woman Bathing. 1891. Drypoint and aquatint, 14 5⁄16 × 10 ½" ➢ The American artists Woodville, Cole, Eakins, and Cassatt represented a variety of styles.

❖ Into the 20th Century: The Avant-Garde ➢ Avant-garde was originally a military term referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle; for young artists, it referred to “battle” to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces. ❖ Freeing Color: Fauvism and Expressionism ➢ In 1903, a group of young artists founded the Salon d’Automne, the “autumn salon,” as a progressive alternative. ➢ Fauves means wild beasts. It is characterized by its bold and vibrant use of color, exaggerated brushwork, and a departure from representational accuracy. ➢ Fauvism:- the freeing of color, using it as an independent expressive element. Henri Matisse. The Joy of Life. 1905–06. Oil on canvas, 5' 8 ½" × 7' 9 ¾"

★ Expressionism:- describes any style where the artist’s subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation, and it developed in Germany in the 20 th century Erich Heckel. Fränzi Reclining. 1910. Woodcut, 8 15⁄16 × 16 ½". ★ Die Brucke ("The Bridge."):- founded in Dresden in 1905, artists wanted to build a bridge through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was Erich Heckel. ★ Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"):- organized in 1911 by Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked. Vasili Kandinsky. Black Lines No. 189. 1913.

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❖ Shattering Form: Cubism ➢ Cubism:- fragmented the figure and other elements into flat planes. The sum of all viewpoints could be painted. ➢ The leading Cubists were Picasso and Braque. Georges Braque Man with a Guitar ➢ As Cubism progressed, the two artists experimented with incorporating other elements, such as newspaper, wallpaper, and fabric. ❖ Futurism ➢ Other innovators, however, believed that art would move forward only through exploring new subjects. ➢ Fantasy and Futurism:- Art would move forward by exploring new subjects. ➢ Futurists decided that motion itself was the new glory of the 20th century, and they sought to depict it in their art.

Umberto Boccioni. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. 1913. Bronze, height 3' 7 ⅞" ➢ Examples of Futurism artists are Boccioni, Chirico ❖ World War I and After: Dada and Surrealism ➢ Dada was a protest art movement that literally meant "anti," It started in protest against WWI and the aftermath of society. ➢ Dada artworks often incorporated elements of collage, assemblage, and ready-made – everyday objects selected and presented as art. ➢ Ready-made:- Coined by the artist Duchamp, a "ready-made" refers to artwork that is not traditionally created or crafted but rather designated as art.

By Duchamp fountain ★ Surrealism:- Inspired by Freud. They appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, and the bizarre, irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous. ➢ Like Dada, Surrealism was not a style but a way of life. Meret Oppenheim. Object (Luncheon in Fur). 1936. ➢ Examples of Surrealism artists are Dali, Magritte, Miro

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➢ Poetic objective:- To arrange objects close together but not in harmony to provoke strangeness or disorientation. ❖ Between the Wars: Building New Societies ➢ Constructivism:- Art should be applied or expressed in architecture, theatrical productions, textiles, and other visual forms. ➢ De Stijl:- Harmony between individuals and modern industry/technology. ➢ The artists of De Stijl reduced art to essential geometric shapes and primary colors, believing that these were a universally understood visual language. Piet Mondrian. Trafalgar Square. 1939–43 ★ Bauhaus:- A design school funded by the architect Gropius intended to teach disciplines and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines.

Herbert Bayer. Bauhaus Ausstellung. 1923. Lithograph, 5 ⅞ × 3 15⁄16" ★ Harlem Renaissance:- The merging of three American experiences. African heritage, the legacy of slavery, and the realities of modern urban life. Aaron Douglas. From Slavery Through Reconstruction, from Aspects of Negro Life. 1934.