Lee_INTL413_EssayTopic1

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1 Essay 1: Comprehend basic theories of the use of Denial and Deception in shaping perception. Gabrielle Lee INTL 413 Daniel Opstal October 1, 2023

2 Understanding the concepts of deception and denial can be challenging. Deception involves intentionally invading another person's mind to change their perception of reality. An active deceiver can alter the perception of their adversaries using different options such as direct means or various techniques and strategies. For instance, by making enemies believe that your forces are bigger and stronger than they are, you can cause them to go into a state of blind confidence. In his book, Dr. Joseph Caddel talks about the various techniques and theories used in D&D to influence the perceptions of others. In his primer, Caddel categorized deception into passive and active. The former refers to concealing one's legitimate intentions from the enemy. In contrast, the latter refers to providing them with proof of your capabilities and intentions. The techniques used in D&D have drastically changed, though the basic theories related to them have remained largely unchanged. D&D is a deception that aims to influence an adversary's decision- making process to achieve the desired effect. Deception is categorized into two main types: active and passive. The former refers to methods that involve making fake or exaggerated representations of reality. At the same time, the latter includes everything from camouflaging military equipment to constructing realistic-looking scenarios to trick their targets. Passive deception aims to hide the real. On the other hand, active deception shows the truth. The former refers to methods that involve making fake or exaggerated representations of reality. At the same time, the latter includes everything from camouflaging military equipment to constructing realistic-looking scenarios to trick their targets. There are also smaller subcategories for active and passive deception. For instance, active deception involves inventing, imitating, and decoying. Another type of distinction can be made regarding the specificity of deception. In 1982, Herbig and Daniel explained that the act of deception has two types: A-type and M-type. The former creates a distractive white noise to confuse the other players. (Caddell, 2004) This is

3 typically when law enforcers carry out a dynamic entry into a building or facility to search or serve a warrant. This type of entry usually utilizes a stun grenade or a ramming device, which can create a surprise entry while disorienting and confusing the other people on the other side. On the other hand, M-type deception is more surgical and involves deceiving others into believing a predetermined plan. This strategy involves using various deception activities to trick the other person into believing that an alternate reality is happening, which is not the case. M- type techniques are more complex and grander than those used for A-type ambiguity. During World War II, a prominent example of active deception was the Ghost Army, a group of special troops that used various creative strategies to trick German forces. Passive deception is simple: hiding the real intention behind one's actions. Although it can be carried out through various means, the events surrounding Operation Overlord and Bodyguard can be considered examples of active deception. Operation Overlord was a massive amphibious invasion that took place in 1944, and it was regarded as the riskiest operation in history. If the invasion failed, it would have resulted in huge casualties, and it is possible that Britain would fall. To conceal the truth about the invasion's location, a plan was developed to trick German leaders into thinking the invasion was taking place at a different location. This would allow them to allocate forces away from Normandy and catch the troops who were still unaware of the operation. The plan aimed to allocate more German divisions to other areas to increase the likelihood that Overlord would be successful. This strategy was called Operation Bodyguard, featuring various smaller operations such as Fortitude-South and Fortitude-North. They aimed to convince Axis leaders that the invasion would occur in Norway or Pas de Calais. The operation was developed by the XX Committee, which was composed of German agents who were compromised. They were tasked with gathering intelligence and supplying fake information to their home base. Garbo sent

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4 intelligence to German officials, stating that the 4th Army was preparing to attack the European mainland using Norway. However, Agent Brutus revealed that the invasion occurred in Pas de Calais. (Howard, 1995) Garbo and other members of the team were able to convince German officials that the invasion was happening by reporting on the activities of the fictional 4th Army, which was being trained in Norway. German intelligence concluded that the invasion was real after seeing the troops wearing cold-weather gear. Aside from relying on double agents, the British also used other methods to trick German officials. One of these was the leaking of intelligence, which included details about the 4th Army. This was done using compromised channels. (Hasketh,2000) Due to the Allies' superior air power over the British Isles, the Luftwaffe was unlikely to conduct aerial reconnaissance to confirm the leaks, allowing the Allies to rely on them almost exclusively. As a result of this deception and the leaks, German intelligence estimated that 79 different military units were preparing for the invasion of England. Even though aerial reconnaissance was not carried out, the British still operated physical deceptions during Fortitude. To simulate the logistics of an invasion, all surplus ships were sent to the Edinborough port, while dummy landing craft were stationed in Dover. In May 1944, a major act of deception occurred when British intelligence identified an actor who resembled Bernard Montgomery, the commander of the Normandy Assault forces. He was then sent to Gibraltar. It was widely believed that the Spanish were supplying German intelligence at that time. Their objective was to convince the German leadership that General Montgomery was not in England and that an invasion could not occur without him. (Hasketh, 2000) German officers thought Operation Overlord was a distraction during D-Day. Without D&D and Operation Bodyguard, the troops who participated in the invasion would have faced more difficult resistance.

5 Caddell, Joseph W. Deception 101―Primer on Deception. pdf. Carlisle: U.S. Army War College, December 2004. Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/eprint/deception.pdf. Hesketh, Roger. 2000. Fortitude, the D-Day Deception Plan. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. Howard, Michael. 1995. Strategic Deception in the Second World War New York: W. W. Horton & Co.