_WahrmundLab_1Final

Wahrmund 1 Matthew Wahrmund Dr. Eric Lovely Principles of Zoology 2134 Lab: Section 3 13 February 2017 Evolution on Humanoid Skulls Results: The values of the skulls using jaw length and eye socket to eye socket length are shown in Table 1 through Figure 1. Skull Specimen Stand ardizing Variable (SV) Crani al Length V ariable 1 J aw Length V ariable 2 E ye Socket to Eye Socket Standardized Measurements Jaw Length Eye Socket to Eye Socket Homo erectus 22 9 .5 1 0.25 2.315 789474 2.146 341463 Adult Homo sapiens 31 9 1 0.5 3.444 444444 2.952 380952 “Piltdo wn Man” 30 1 1 1 4.5 2.727 272727 2.068 965517 Austral opithecus 21 9 .5 1 0.5 2.210 526316 2

Wahrmund 2 africanus Austral opithecus afarensis 19 1 3 1 1.5 1.461 538462 1.652 173913 Fetal Chimpanzee 13 3 .75 4 .75 3.466 666667 2.736 842105 Adult Female Chimpanzee 20.5 1 1.5 1 0 17.82 608696 20.5 Neonat al Chimpanzee 17.5 6 6 2.916 666667 2.916 666667 Adult Male Chimpanzee Labeled as “Chimpanzee” 19.5 1 3 1 1.5 1.5 1.695 652174 Infant Homo sapiens 19 3 .5 6 5.428 571429 3.166 666667 Table 1: This figure shows the humanoid skulls measured by their jaw length and eye socket to eye socket length.

Wahrmund 4 is larger, and more round skulls. Whereas the chimpanzee skulls have a more prominent supraorbital arch, they also show facial prognathism, and have larger canines. This trend is not evident in Figure 1 nor Table 1. Our skulls were not proportionally bigger than those of apes. In fact, neonatal chimpanzees and fetal chimpanzees were almost as big ratio wise as an adult Homo sapiens. This can only be explained by neoteny. Neoteny is the retention of adolescence traits carried over the fully matured organism. This can be possible because if you look at the neonatal chimpanzees and fetal chimpanzees, the proportion is almost the same as an adult Homo sapiens . An adult chimpanzee is on the other end of the scale with it being proportionally on the opposite end of the spectrum. They continued to develop beyond their adolescence and matured. It can be apparently evident that humans were just fetal chimps or young chimps that possessed neoteny and continued and evolved over time to become humans. In order for a young chimp to be able to achieve the Adult Homo sapiens status it would have to change diets as well and start to fuel its’ brain with meat. Meat is what allows the cranium to expand and develop to full potential. Plants, leaves, and fruit do not possess the necessary protiens to achieve maximum performance. Neoteny will allow my hypothesis to stand but it just standing on the mere theory that neoteny is a possibility in the science realm. It is accepted to a certain degree and for this hypothesis, neoteny will stand true. There is always the possibility of error since humans cannot be completely 100% accurate . Our measurements could have been off +/- 1cm but that cannot be enough to completely rule out our hypothesis nor our data. Conclusion: As the skulls were measured with hopes of our hypothesis being true and right, it could be found after all measurements were done. It was supportive in our hypothesis. Before we started the experiment, I had no knowledge of neoteny. I simply thought that it was going be

Wahrmund 5 proportional over a period of time and therefore prove my best hunch correct. In going and doing the experiment and looking through outside data, discovered neoteny and could draw new inferences from the new data. I was searching for an answer I could not find, but stumbled upon another theory that would support the data and allow my hypothesis to be acceptable. Works Cited ● “Chimpanzees and Neoteny.” Gmilburn.ca , WordPress, 7 Feb. 2015, www.gmilburn.ca/2009/03/30/chimpanzees-and-neoteny/. ● Lovely, Eric C. Principles of Zoology Laboratory Workbook BIOL 2124 . Russellville, AR 72801. Arkansas Tech University. 9 th edition Fall 2015. Print. ● Sampson, H. Wayne, et al. Atlas of the Human Skull . Texas A & M University Press, 2007. ● Cartmill, Matt, et al. The Human Lineage . Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ● CARTMILL, MATT. HUMAN LINEAGE . JOHN WILEY & Sons, 2017.