bio anthro lab 13 - Google Docs

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab 13: Australopiths & early Homo (Lab 15 in the manual) Read Pg.425-436 Prelab Concept Review Questions: all Exercises:1-7 Critical thinking questions: 2-5 Concept Review Questions 1. A 2. B 3. Two eastern African australopiths are Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis. 4. Two southern African australopiths are Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus sediba. 5. D 6. The two primary tool types associated with the Oldowan technology were either choppers or flakes. Choppers are large, heavy tools with a sharp edge and the flakes are pieces of rock that were broken off the chopper. 7. A 8. Some researchers believe that robust australopiths should be classified in the genus called Paranthropus . 9. B 10. H. habilis had a much smaller chewing complex than the australopiths. Exercise #1 Specimen Last premolar First molar Second Molar Total SA Specimen A Length- 5 Length- 5 Length- 6 Width- 4 Width- 4 Width- 4 64

SA- 20 SA- 20 SA- 24 Specimen B Length- 2 Length- 2 Length- 3 Width- 2 Width- 2 Width- 3 17 SA- 4 SA- 4 SA- 9 Specimen C Length- 3 Length- 4 Length- 4 Width- 2 Width- 3 Width- 4 34 SA- 6 SA- 12 SA- 16 1. Specimen B is human because it has smaller molars compared to A and C. 2. Specimen C belongs to the gracile Australopith because of the smaller cheek teeth. 3. Specimen A belongs to a robust Australopith because of the smaller front teeth but larger molars compared to a gracile Australopith. Exercise #2 1. Mystery australopith B is the more robust form. 2. The robust australopith has larger back teeth (molars and premolars) and smaller front teeth compared to the earlier australopith. Also, the robust australopith has the presence of a sagittal crest because of its large jaw muscles and the earlier australopith does not have this ridge on its skull. Exercise #3 1. The Lucy skeleton was adapted for bipedalism because it had a short, broad pelvis and an angled femur. 2. The Lucy skeleton was different from a human skeleton because it had a less bowl-shaped pelvis, curved fingers, and shoulder oriented for suspensory movement.

3. The Lucy skeleton practiced habitual bipedalism although some of its traits suggest that it was able to easily move through trees (arboreal locomotion). Exercise #4 1. Australopithecus sediba had a small cranial capacity, small body size, and long arms as many early australopiths did. 2. Australopithecus sediba had a broad pelvis, smaller teeth, and zygomatic arches like the members of the Homo genus. 3. These answers suggest that the Homo genus could have directly originated from the Australopithecus sediba or could be closely related. 4. The first members of the Homo genus appeared about 2.5 mya during the early Pleistocene in eastern and southern Africa. 5. No, this does not change my answer because they were from around the same time and could have at least shared a common ancestor. Exercise #5 1. Fossil A has reduced prognathism and a flatter face while fossil B has a more protruded face. Fossil A also has a smaller chewing complex and larger cranial capacity while Fossil B has larger teeth and a smaller cranial capacity. 2. Fossil B is an australopith. 3. Fossil A is a member of the homo genus. Exercise #6 1. Fossil A has a larger cranial capacity than Fossil B because it is larger in size. Fossil B also has a sagittal crest that Fossil A lacks. 2. I believe these are a result of sexual dimorphism because the more robust individuals are male (Fossil A) and the more gracile individuals are female (Fossil B).

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Exercise #7 1. Chopper 2. I determined this was a chopper because it is a stone tool that has one sharper edge that was created from smaller bites of rock being broken off. 3. This belongs to the Oldowan tool technology. 4. The Australopithecus garhi species could have made this stone tool. Critical Thinking Questions 2. Paleoanthropologists can run any many obstacles when examining fragments of fossils. This is a good example because the Au. sebida had a mix of primitive (arboreal) and derived (bipedal) traits front in its arms and legs. This can make it difficult to determine locomotion and species. 3. Three tools I use every day are my airpods, makeup, and a pencil. I believe technology like AirPods could be preserved for millions of years but something like makeup or a pencil could decompose and be lost. I think the earliest stone tools we discovered could be the first time our relatives used tools but it is also likely earlier tools have not been discovered or have disappeared/decomposed. 4. Australopithecus boisei and Homo habilis did not outcompete each other because they had different diets with early Homo’s eating a wider range of grass and plants. They most likely stayed separate and did not have to share resources. 5. Humans are more susceptible to many injuries because of their bone structure. The pelvis became shorter and rounder to make it easy for bipedal movement which can cause knee pain if it is out of alignment. Lordosis is the curvature of the spine which makes it easy to balance on two toes. However, this curvature of the spine resulted in frequent back pain.

bio anthro lab 13 - Google Docs

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