Exam 2 Study Guide

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Emory University *

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101

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exam 2 Study Guide 1. In some non-Western cultures, when someone has a gender identity outside the male/female binary, they are a. Valued and respected, and often sought out for spiritual guidance 2. Imagine a new friend told you that, in his or her culture, people clean each other’s eyeballs with their tongues. Which of the following would be an ethnocentric reaction to this scenario? a. Ew! That is so unhygienic and disgusting. 3. Cultural anthropologists seek to: a. Interpret and explain larger patterns of culture 4. Which of the following is not true about war? a. War has been present in human history since small-scale societies 5. Niche construction refers to: a. The active role that organisms can take in shaping their environment 6. Racial classifications are: a. Created through culture 7. People begin learning their culture a. As infants, through interactions with caregivers and watching the world around them 8. Anthropology teaches us that a single, stable, scientifically observable human nature exists a. False 9. Biological sex is binary of two discrete options – male or female – since the primary characteristics (genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes) always fit these categories a. False 10. The traits that do best in a specific environment are called adaptations a. True 11. Humans are done evolving, according to the latest scientific research a. False 12. The pattern of human skin color is the product of natural selection acting to regulate the effects of the sun’s ultraviolent (UV) radiation on key nutrients crucial to reproductive success 13. Evolution is driven by progress, resulting in things working in the best possible way a. False 14. Sexuality and gender are primarily biological phenomena a. False 15. Since the US is an industrialized, Western country, birth outcomes are equal for mothers, regardless of their race a. False

16. Expectations of how men and women should behave are primarily biological and shared across all societies a. False 17. According to Fuentes, inequalities based on race are economic, political, historical, and cultural, not biological or “natural” a. True 18. Evidence of violent deaths in the archaeological record indicate the same level of violence since humans lived in foraging groups through the transitions to agriculture and living in towns and cities a. False 19. In human societies, cooperation is more common than conflict a. True 20. Intersex births in the Western biomedical system are generally handled through non- interventionist approaches, avoiding surgical and hormonal interventions a. False 21. If you take an infant from anywhere on the planet and take it to another society to raise it, it will acquire that other society’s culture a. True 22. An anthropologist studying music, for example, recognizes that this form of art may influenced by politics, social systems, ideology, technology, and more. This perspective is considered to be: a. Holistic 23. Four critical aspects of culture are a. That it is learned, it is based on symbols, it is integrated, and it is shared 24. All of the following are selective pressures for the evolution of skin color except: a. Skin cancer 25. According to Fuentes, humans are primarily: a. Primed towards cooperation 26. Gender stratification is a term that refers to a. The hierarchical division of males and females in society, with men usually having dominant positions and women having subordinate positions 27. Which of the following is “nature’s sunscreen”? a. Melanin 28. Mutations are: a. The source for all variations within groups, occurring when DNA is replicated erroneously 29. If a baby is born with male genitalia (sex), this means that the baby’s gender is a. Unknown 30. Hijras and two-spirits are examples of a. Third gender categories in different cultures 31. When discussing female gender roles, which of the following is true?

a. Different traits are valued depending on the culture; there is no universal ideal female 32. In attempting to explain human variation, anthropologists: a. Combine the study of biology and culture 33. Imagine you have been raised with certain food etiquette, such as always holding your fork in your left hand and knowing how to conduct polite dinner conversation. Your parents, who taught you this, were in turn taught by their parents. What is this an example of? a. Enculturation 34. Grooming, among primates, serves the main purpose of: a. Reaffirming their social identities 35. According to Fuentes’s book and the film that featured Jablonski’s research, what is an accurate way to think about human skin color variation? a. The evolution of skin color is an adaptation to the environment that contributed to survival and reproduction 36. The historical belief that humans could be divided into distinct racial categories a. Was used unanimously agreed, since each group was seen as having its own strengths 37. The theory of unilineal cultural evolution proposed that: a. All societies in the world started as savages, with some of them progressing to barbarism, and other progressing furthering to civilization 38. The term that Fuentes uses to describe human nature, which he comes back to throughout the book a. Naturenurtual 39. Foraging (also known as hunting and gathering), pastoralism, and horticulture are all methods by which people get food, which is otherwise described by anthropologists as a. Subsistence 40. Which is an important anthropological insight about how people in different cultures form families? a. The way people make a living significantly influence the way people form and think about their families 41. Bonobos can be considered egalitarian because a. They have no set dominance structure, so conflict might be resolved through sex instead of fighting 42. If you are hoping to discover a site with early human activity, a cave is a. An excellent choice to examine, because they protect remains from decomposition 43. If someone tells you they study osteology, they could choose a career in a. Forensic anthropology, helping identify found human remains 44. Which of the following is not a characteristic of marriage in all societies a. Familial input on potential marriage partners

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45. Which of the following would be considered industrialization of a food production system? a. The use of a tractor to increase food production 46. Foragers, pastoralists, and horticulturalists have a. Changed over time to adapt to the modern world 47. Dating by Association refers to a. The idea that if two things are found in the same stratigraphic layer, they are likely the same age 48. The three most widely used methods to date fossil or archaeological site are a. Potassium argon dating, Dating by Association, and radiocarbon dating 49. What would be the most likely scenario to justify fraternal polyandry? a. A region where available land is scarce, so a family marries all their sons to one woman to ensure the land is not divided 50. Homo erectus (or homo georgicus for splitters), being relatively larger than their predecessors, are associated with a. Cultural developments like full-scale hunting, fire, and cooking 51. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic plants? a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously 52. A lifeway that revolves around animal domestication and herding is referred to as a. Pastoralism 53. Which of the following is not a consequence of controlling fire? a. Disease and negative health effects (cause by smoke inhalation) 54. The process of breeding animals with traits preferred by humans is known as a. Domestication 55. Which of the following is/are social constructs? a. Beauty ideals, race, gender, money 56. The domestication of animals as a subsistence strategy is referred to as a. Pastoralism 57. Which of the following is true of marriage a. It is a socially sanctioned union that may involve physical and emotional union 58. Al cultures share the same belief about the biology of human reproduction a. False 59. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows a greater number of people to live in a region a. True 60. The term kinship is used by anthropologists only to refer to blood (biological) family relationships a. False 61. The majority of societies in the world practice exclusively monogamous marriage a. False

62. A food surplus leads to a larger population that requires a more rigid and hierarchical social and political structure to be effective a. True 63. Nuclear families typically practice neolocal household residence a. True 64. Marrying primarily for love has always been a common practice in Anglo-European (US, UK, Europe) societies a. False 65. Many cultures do not allow individuals to be solely responsible for choosing who they marry, with parents and other family members working together to arrange a martial union a. True 66. Anthropological term for the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities a. Kinship 67. A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance a. Marriage 68. If you encountered a nomadic band of people who practiced egalitarianism you would assume that they a. Practiced a foraging subsistence strategy 69. Babies in North America were given pink or blue caps because babies are intrinsically born with their cultural gender identities and need to be identified as such a. False 70. Anthropologist agree that non-human primates have culture a. False 71. Primate-wide characteristic include visual acuity, manual dexterity, intelligence, and ability to live in complex social groups a. True 72. The five characteristics of a civilization are: an agricultural base, state level political organization, monumental architecture, at least one city, and writing a. True 73. The transition from foraging to agriculture did not involve any tradeoffs as human groups became healthier and more socially harmonious a. False 74. "We shape our tools and then our tools shape us," is sometimes literally true. What technology has literally reshaped the human body and its functioning? a. Stone tools, fire, shoes, air conditioning 75. What else did the locals of New Guinea need when they were given clothes? a. Soap, tin rooftops, nails, geometry, education

76. When one technology requires or strongly influences the adoption of other technologies we call it a. Entanglement 77. Technologies shape a. How we make a living (infrastructure), how we connect with one another (social structure), our values and beliefs (super structure) 78. What percentage of humans were living in cultures that depended on hunting and gathering 15,000 years ago? a. 100% 79. How many hours per week do foragers work? a. 15-20 80. Over the past 12,000 years, the trend has been toward a. greater production and wealth, greater diversity of jobs, less efficiency, bigger impacts on the environment 81. What percentage of people in the world were farming in the year 1700? a. 90% 82. What percentage of people in the world were farming in the year 1700? a. What can be said, who can say it, how it can be said, who will hear it, and how messages may or may not be retrieved in the future 83. Neil Postman argues that for nearly 50 years the most important conversations of our culture occurred through the television. This conversation was a. Controlled by the few, designed for the masses, entertaining – even in serious topics, made to fit between commercial breaks 84. Postman coined the term "media ecology" as a way of studying the effects of how a. media become the environment all around us, a new medium "changes the structure of discourse", new media encourage different uses of the intellect, new media encourage different kinds of content 85. Unlike television, the internet a. is open to anyone to be a creator, allows for new forms of communication and collaboration 86. The Internet has been effective used for a. sharing critical information during times of crisis, democratic uprisings and protests, government surveillance, terrorist recruiting, replacing or competing with long-standing institutions like newspapers 87. Filter bubbles a. are created by algorithms predicting what we like, lead us to live in different media universes, contribute to political division 88. According to the author, the giant gift of marita given from one village to another serve the function of a. banking and insurance 89. In this New Guinea village gift economy, people strive to

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a. demonstrate generosity, nurture relationships 90. What are some reasons for a village to have a gift economy rather than a market economy? a. things of value cannot be stored and accumulated, the best way to "store" wealth is to nurture strong relationships, it places a value on strong social relationships 91. From the logic of the gift economy, the bride price Matius pays a. unites his network with the network of the bride 92. Based on anthropological studies by Dr. Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, polygynous familes among the Maasai are a. Better off 93. Why does Esther's fatherarrange a marriage for her and try to pull her out of school? a. school is far away and expensive, school creates a risk for early pregnancy which will limit marriage prospects, the school has high drop-out rates and jobs are not guaranteed, Climate change and land privatization has put strain on access to good land, her marriage would connect them to a lineage with access to more land 94. What is the effect of "katal" or "being in love" on the brain? a. the areas associated with pleasure and rewards light up, chemicals associated with the reward circuit flood the brain, a chemical profile similar to obsessive- compulsive disorder 95. The Tamil view marriage not just as the union of two people, but as the union of two a. Families 96. What impact does the preference for arranged marriage have on how people grow up among the Tamil? a. the social category of "bachelor" is non-existent, youth do not spend a great deal of time worrying about dating, youth focus on attaining markers of social status and prestige, college is for getting a degree rather than finding a potential mate 97. What influenced the emergence of love marriage in the West? a. weakening depending on relationships and family after the industrial revolution, increasing freedom to make individualized choices, an increasing sense of anomie, an increasing sense of feeling lost and disconnected 98. What are the effects of companionate love on the brain? a. more oxytocin induces a loving calm and sense of security, less likely to feel passionate love since passion thrives on insecurity 99. Erich Fromm argues that our cultural assumptions about love are misguided. According to Fromm, what should we focus on? a. The act of loving 100.What is the process through which social realities get "real-ized"? a. the process of enculturation shapes our beliefs and values, our beliefs shape our behaviors and interactions with others, our beliefs and behaviors are woven into larger social structures and institutions

101. What beliefs, behaviors, and institutions perpetuate the idea that "blind people can't do these things"? a. special schools, specific jobs to accommodate their disabilities, free rides and escorts, help with daily tasks 102. Some studies confirm gender stereotypes, but critics of these studies point out that a. the studies are based on unreliable self-reporting, when research participants are reminded of stereotypes the differences are magnified, when gender is minimized the differences go away, the content of the questions themselves signal gender stereotypes 103. What might explain why countries with progressive views of gender have higher levels of gender difference when it comes to career choice, according to Maria Charles and Karen Bradley? a. these same countries value and allow self-expression which can exaggerate the expression of stereotypes 104. What is "institutionalized racism"? a. the cumulative effect of policies and processes that may not have been designed with racism in mind but have the effect of disadvantaging some racial groups 105. Why did some see Kohlberg's stage theory of morality as biased? a. It placed liberal (left-learning) American values as the most developed and advanced, He placed his own :"humanistic morality" as the most advanced, It provided justification for questioning religiously-based moral worldviews 106. Where do we find the core idea of the "Golden Rule"? a. Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, The Analects of Confucius, Religious traditions all over the world 107. Franz de Waal has suggested that based on his field observations and lab tests with primates that there are two pillars of primate morality upon which a more complex human morality can be built. What are they? a. Empathy and reciprocity 108. Franz de Waal's experiments and observations suggest that our evolutionary history may have placed deep within us a capacity for a. Empathy, cooperation, reconciliation, fairness 109. Our taste is a. Shaped by social and cultural factors, shaped by what the thing means, shaped by what liking this thing might say about us 110. The meaning of a thing is shaped by a. its similarity to other things, its differences from other things, its affiliations with other things, its distance from other things 111. The meaning of cultural symbols is a. Intersubjective 112. At some level there is broad agreement of meanings across a culture. a. True

113. The web of culture does not definitively dictate the meaning of something a. True 114. Cultural meanings do not stand still a. True 115. We use meanings and tastes as strategic tools a. True 116. As we better our own position we also reproduce social divisions of haves and have- nots a. True 117. What is Bourdieu's term that refers to dispositions, habits, tastes, attitudes and abilities? a. habitus 118. Products appear on shelves and our doorsteps as if by magic, revealing few hints at where they came from or the relationships that are necessary to create them. Karl Marx called this a. commodity fetishism 119. Coercive economic power and physical force a. Hard Power 120. Co-optive capacity to influence others and shape their ideas a. Soft power 121. Structural power a. Power embedded in the structure of economic social and political relationships 122. What are the criticisms of Jared Diamond's "Guns, Germs and Steel" argument from anthropologists? a. it focuses too much on technological advantages, it overlooks the relationships and interconnections formed between societies after the first contact, it is mainly an argument that works up until 1492 but does little to help us understand the past 500 years 123. How does Lappe' approach the question of why rich countries are rich and poor countries are poor? a. She argues that they are not separate systems, The wealth of the "First World" is dependent on the poverty of the "Third World", The "developing world" may be in a constant process of being "underdeveloped" 124. According to Peter Raven, what would it take for all people in the world to live like Americans? a. Three planets 125. Understanding structural power reminds us that a. we are the structure the structure is what we make of it, to participate or not to participate is not a choice, how we participate is our most important choice 126. What is the "cost" of Fast Fashion? a. poverty wages and an incentive to keep them low to keep costs down, dangerous working conditions for the world's working poor, workers in toxic conditions

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wearing masks as they work, thousands of deaths due to the poor working conditions 127. According to Victor Frankl, what two losses threaten to put is into an "existential vacuum" a. Loss of instructs guiding out behavior, loss of tradition 128. According to Anthony Giddens, modernity has left us with two unavoidable projects. What are they? a. The self has to be reflexively made, we have to choose or create values virtues and meanings 129. Which of the following were identified by Seligman and Peterson as core virtues present in most or all of the major world religions and wisdom traditions? a. Justice, courage, wisdom, transcendence 130. As a result of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution a. “Second tier” cosmologies like The Ptolemaic Worldview were called into question, traditional hierarchies were flattened, the individual became the arbiter of meaning and value, the moral system championed the individual’s right to pursue happiness, individuals were left to define “happiness” for themselves 131. What does Christopher's list of the five core values of Chinese Philosophy demonstrate about Seligman's "Universal Values"? a. Role Fulfillment is a common value around the world but not on Seligman’s List, it calls attention to the 2-tiered framework required in many value systems, Seligman’s list depends on a cultural framework centered on individualism and the shelf 132. Stoicism has had a significant impact on modern psychology, forming the philosophical foundation for a. Victor Frankl’s Logotheraphy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 133. It has been hypothesized by other anthropologists that fire allowed us to eat more foods, thereby setting in motion the cultural explosion 400,000 years ago. Wiessner agrees that fire played a key role, but not just because it allowed us to eat more foods. Why does she think fire was so important? a. It gave us the time and space to tell and share stories 134. After collecting thousands of life stories, Dan McAdams has found several recurring themes and genres for the stories people tell themselves about their lives. These include a. Stories of upward mobility, stories with a theme of commitment, sad tales of “contamination: as their prospects are constantly spoiled, stories of triump and redemption 135. According to Jamie Pennebaker's research, people who "make sense" of past trauma a. Are less likely to get sick, construct more complex enduring and productive life stories, are more productive and generative throughout their lives, have a stronger sense of well-being

Exam 2 Study Guide

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