Understanding Fishes, Tetrapods, and Evolutionary Relationships

Question 1 (1 point) According to the evolutionary tree of fishes and tetrapods we studied in class (cf. lecture slides), who are we (human) more closely related to? amphibians crocodiles Neither one. We are equally related to amphibians and crocodiles. Question 2 (1 point) According to our fish-tetrapod phylogeny (cf. lecture slides), which of the following statement is TRUE? Mammals are more closely related to amphibians than to birds. Mammals are more closely related to snakes than to ray-finned fishes. Question 3 (1 point) Explain in one sentence why reptiles do not form a monophyletic group. They do not include all their descendants because birds also share the same common ancestor with the reptiles. Question 4 (1 point) Homology is a similarity in STRUCTURE . Similarity in form or function that is not due to common ancestry is called HOMOPLASY . Question 5 (1 point) What do we call homology? Similarity in structure due to adaptation. Similarity in form or function due to adaptation. Similarity in structure due to common ancestry.

None of the above. Question 6 (1 point) The similarity of fins between sharks and orca is an example of homology homoplasy evolutionary stasis transitional form Question 7 (1 point) What may be caused by convergent evolution ? evolutionary stasis homology transitional forms homoplasy Question 8 (1 point) A synapomorphy of mammals is mammary glands two pairs of limbs placenta Vertebrae

Questions 9-14 use phylogenies A-F. In these phylogenies, black bars indicate the evolutionary event "gain of flight structures" and the black cross indicates "loss of flight structures". Question 9 (1 point) All of these evolutionary histories, with one exception, can explain the presence/absence of flight in crocodiles, birds, mouse, and bats; which one is the exception, among A to F? B Question 10 (1 point) To explain the evolutionary history of flight, we will select the phylogeny that has the smallest number of "loss of flight" events the largest number of black events (gain or loss of flight) the smallest number of "gain of flight" events the smallest number of black events (gain or loss of flight) Question 11 (1 point) This is an application of the principle of PARSIMONY . Question 12 (1 point) Which tree meets this criterion? E According to this tree, are the flight structures of birds and bats homologous (yes/no)? NO Question 13 (1 point) Which tree(s) would predict the flight structures of birds and bats to be homologous? A

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