ANTH1003_F23_Exam1_StudyGuide - Copy

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Anthropology

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Jun 11, 2024

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ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 ANTH 1003 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE Key terms to know Hypothesis Linnean taxonomy Natural theology Teleological argument Fitness Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics Artificial selection Uniformitarianism Analogous trait Homologous trait Vestigial structure Blending inheritance model Gametes Somatic cells Mendel’s Principle of Segregation Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment Allele Dominant Recessive Genotype phenotype Homozygote Heterozygote Nucleus Chromosomes Autosomes Homologous chromosomes Sex chromosomes/sex determination X-linked traits mtDNA haploid diploid mitosis meiosis

ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 recombination Rosalind Franklin James Watson/Francis Crick Chargoff’s rule Exon Intron Promoter Transcription Translation Codon Nonsense mutations Insertion/deletion mutations Nonsynonymous mutations Synonymous mutations Epigenetic changes Microevolution Macroevolution Mutation Founder effect Group endogamy Gene flow Genetic drift Natural selection Positive selection Negative selection Balancing selection Lactase persistence Sickle cell anemia Co-dominant Folic acid hypothesis Vitamin D hypothesis Linnean racial taxonomies Race Ethnic group Genetic ancestry

ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 Concepts you should be able to explain  The normative scientific process  Basic tenets of evolutionary theory  What sources (fields) did Darwin and Wallace draw on when developing the theory of evolution?  Do you understand the difference between gene, allele, genotype, and phenotype?  Examples of dominant and recessive traits discussed in class  Examples of X-linked traits discussed in class  Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis  Chargoff’s rule  Differences between mitosis and meiosis  Differences between transcription and translation  Differences between DNA and RNA  Examples of positive, negative, and balancing selection discussedin class  Evolution of human pigmentation variation  Origins of racial taxonomies  Impact of scientific racisms  Misconceptions about racial variation  How do we think that lactase persistence evolved in humans? Why is this important?  Why is the frequency of the sickle cell allele so high in certain regions of the world?  How has the global distribution of human skin color been influenced by natural selection?  Why do most anthropologists argue that the human species cannot be divided into a distinct number of biologically defined races? What evidence do they draw on to support that argument? What does it mean when we say that race is a socially-constructed category? Why can race as a socially-constructed category still have biological consequences?

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ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 Practice Problems Your exam will be all multiple choice. However, you will be asked questions that might require you to understand Mendelian inheritance and construct/interpret a Punnett Square. You will also be expected to be able to transcribe/translate DNA/RNA (a codon table will be provided). Answers to these practice problems will be posted separately on Canvas so you can check your work: Mendelian Inheritance Practice Problems 1. Hemochomatosis is an autosomal recessive disease that results in body absorbing excess amounts of iron, causing severe health complications. Sarah’s mother, Suzanne, suffers from hemochromatosis, but Sarah does not. When Sarah and her husband Matt decide to have a child, they learn that Matt is carrier for the hemochromatosis allele. What is the chance that Sarah and Matt will have a child that suffers from hemochromatosis? 2. Human earwax comes in wet and dry forms. Wet earwax is a dominant trait. Homer has wet earwax, and his genotype is Ww. His wife, Marge has dry earwax. Use a Punnett Square to determine the probability that Homer and Marge will have a child with wet earwax. What is the probability that they will have a child with dry earwax?

ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 3. A simplified model of the genetics of eye color is one in which blue eyes are a recessive trait while brown eyes are a dominant trait. Knowing this, is there any way that two brown-eyed parents could ever have a blue-eyed child? How? Could two blue-eyed parents ever have a brown-eyed child? ****Disclaimer—eye color is actually much more complex than this—please do not use this grossly simplified model to try to predict paternity/relatedness.***** DNA Base-pair complementarity, Transcription/Translation 1. DNA: G A C T T T G C A T C G A T C G A G Complementary DNA: mRNA: Amino Acids (transcribe the mRNA strand that you made using the attached codon table): Now imagine that a mutation occurs that changes the fourth nucleotide in the DNA sequence above from a T to a C. What is the new amino acid that is produced?

ANTH 1003 FALL 2023 2. DNA: T A C G C C G A A G C T G C G A C T Complementary DNA: mRNA: Amino Acids (transcribe the mRNA strand that you made using the attached codon table) Now imagine that a mutation occurs so that the second nucleotide in the sequence above (an A) is deleted . Transcribe and translate this new sequence.

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