Unit activities 1-4

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1 Unit – 1 Activity 1 Question 1 - What is indigenous study? Understanding First Nation people's culture, religion, traditions, and interests within Canadian society is the primary goal of indigenous studies. Indigenous people had attended residential schools for seven generations, during which they were compelled to give up their language and culture. Children who are not Aboriginal were also taught that their culture is superior to that of the Indigenous people. The educational system has exacerbated this issue in our nation. People are now aware of how previous generations were duped under the pretence of good and bad culture, thanks to Indigenous studies. There are different kinds are approaches to indigenous studies: The methodological approaches in indigenous studies: Indigenous knowledge can be examined from a variety of angles using methods, epistemology, and ontological examples. The methodology gives indigenous studies an ever-evolving approach that employs several ways of thinking about research by relying on surveys, documents, group discussions, and interviews. Epistemology is the ability to protect and preserve the social structure while using evidence to distinguish ideas from accepted beliefs. Conversely, ontology emphasizes credibility and responsibility by showing how indigenous studies relate to the land, cosmos, surroundings, and language. The Theoretical Approaches to Indigenous Studies: A range of theoretical frameworks, such as postcolonial, critical, feminist, queer, and Marxist, are used by Indigenous studies to explore and inform Indigenous research. Although postcolonial theory is still up for debate, some

2 contend that it does not inevitably mean that colonialism is coming to an end. Reducing the influence of rules, discrimination, helplessness, and other related factors on society is the goal of critical theory. It is crucial to understand that by educating people about discrimination, sexism, and colonialism, as well as by building consciousness via solidarity, indigenous feminists promote democracy and nationalism in society. Marxists acknowledge the unique struggles of Indigenous people. Due to the desire to break free from cultural norms and penal structures that do not acknowledge the diversity of ethnicity, indigenous studies have struggled to establish itself as a discipline. The author's contribution to the canon can be divided into four categories: destruction, interrogation, exposure, and knowledge creation. These categories serve to highlight the body of work of Indigenous research that resulted from the rigorous examination process. References for Unit 1 Forsythe, L. E. (2020). Indigenous Studies: Methodological, Theoretical, and Canonical Foundations . https://doi.org/content/enforced3/571349-REV_INDG1220/Indigenous Studies Methodological, Theoretical, and Canonical Foundations.pdf “TRC Mini Documentary - Senator Murray Sinclair on Reconciliation.” YouTube , YouTube, 7 Feb. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjx2zDvyzsU. Faculty of Arts: University of Manitoba - Department of Indigenous Studies . Faculty of Arts | University of Manitoba. (n.d.). https://umanitoba.ca/arts/indigenous-studies

3 Unit – 2 Activity – 3 The role of burning in land Management: Each landscape demonstrates the past and customs of the people living there. The current American surroundings reflect the enduring effects of one perspective positioned on another colonial versus indigenous. Society's worldview is frequently more accurately recorded in the land than in its records. When European Americans first came to North America, they brought their folk wisdom, which believed that forest fires were dangerous and damaging to people. The traditional wisdom of the native people, who valued burning and were adept at using fire technology, starkly contrasted this viewpoint. Native land management practices aimed at increasing productivity significantly impacted the presettlement landscape. Fire was the most effective instrument for manipulating the landscape. Question 1: Identify and discuss the philosophy of burning in Indigenous agriculture. Intentional fires were started for many reasons, including long-distance signalling or clearing community sites (Brown, 2000). Western fire suppression practices are based on the idea that nature is controllable. Interestingly, efforts to manipulate nature by putting out fires have made things more unpredictable. The indigenous perspective highlights the dual nature of all creative and destructive forces. The usage of fire by humans is an illustration of interdependence. The reciprocal responsibility ethic, which fosters an adaptive symbiosis in which burning helps both, is the foundation of indigenous peoples' usage of fire. It is fascinating to note that Indigenous

4 Peoples hold fire in high regard. For instance, to enhance the yields of root crops like camas and geophytes, Native Americans in the Northwest burned grasslands and savannas. The Potawatomi, Ojibwe, and Ottawa peoples have been burning the prairies of Walpole Island First Nation as part of their rituals since ancient times. They acknowledge this obligation and refer to themselves as the "firekeepers." Question 2: What were the goals of Indigenous burning? Fire was used to improve food security, manage crops, remove pests, produce mosaics, and boost crop output. It also altered the environment to secure their survival. Fire stills are commonly employed to maintain basketry plants, resulting in a constant crop of straight, slender shoots and roots (Ortiz, 1993). Fire was used to build prairies, attracting species such as elk and deer. Indigenous Peoples adapted fire regimes to produce forest openings at different stages of postfire succession, enhancing the diversity and yield of wildlife, berries, root crops, seeds, and medicinal plants. Question 3: Outline the evidence shared to support Kimmerer & Lake's (2001) assertions. Some evidence suggests that indigenous burning was not a constant practice but rather the outcome of mistaken views toward traditional knowledge. Western scientists reject accounts of aboriginal burning, arguing that it destroys plants and land, rendering agriculture obsolete. Fire played a crucial role in the survival of tribal cultures. Indigenous people found fire the most effective land-management strategy for conserving energy. Fire technology has evolved through millennia of trial and observation. Fire is essential in many civilizations, reflecting a worldview that values human involvement with the environment. References for Unit 2

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