Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam 4 I

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (BSC 2085C) EXAM 4: Chapters 10 - 12 FSCJ Spring Semester 2023 Name: ____Cassie T.__________________________________ 1. Matching (Functional Groups of Muscles ) a. ___ C____ prime mover A. muscles that oppose, or reverse a particular movement b. ____ A___ antagonist B. help prime movers by adding extra force to the same movement c. ____ B___ synergist C. muscles that provide the major force for producing a specific movement d. ____ D___ fixator D. a synergist that immobilizes a bone 2. Give an example of an agonist – antagonist muscle relationship. a. agonist : _____________BICEPS BRACHII__________________________________ b. antagonist : ___________TRICEPS BRACHII__________________________________ 3. Give an example of an agonist – synergist muscle relationship. a. agonist : _________________ TRICEPS_______________________________ b. synergist : ________________ UPPER AND LOWER TRAPEZIOUS_____________ 4. The ______ TRAPEZIUS_________________________ muscle is an example of a fixator muscle for the scapula bone . 5. Which shape muscles are the most powerful muscles in the body ? ___________ BIPENNTE AND MULTIPENNATE ____________________ 6. Which shape muscles have the greatest degree of shortening ability ? _______PARALLEL______________________ 7. Matching (Muscle Fascicle Arrangement ) a. ___ B____ parallel A. triceps brachii b. ___ C____convergent B. sartorius c. ___ D____multipennate C. pectoralis major d. ___ A____fusiform D. deltoid e. ___ _E___ circular E. orbicularis oculi 8. Name three muscles that insert on the humerus bone . a. __________ LATISSUMUS DORSI___________________________________

b. ____________________ PECTORALIS MAJOR__________________________ c. _______DELTOID_______________________________________ 9-15. Fill in the table below : (Muscles of the Head and Neck ) Name Origin Insertion Action Occipitalis OCCIPITAL BONE GALEA APONEUROTICA PULLS SCALP POSTERIORLY, KEEPS SCALP IN PLACE FRONTALIS GALEA APONEUROTICA SKIN OF EYEBROWS Wrinkles forehead STERNOCLEIDOMASTOI D STERNUM AND CLAVICLE Mastoid process of temporal bone PRIME MOVER OF HEAD FLEXION; LATERALLY ROTATES THE HEAD PLATYSMA Pectoral muscles LOWER MARGIN OF MADIBLE TENSES SKIN OF NECK;PULLS LOWER LIP BACK AND DOWN; PRODUCES DOWNWARD SAG OF MOUTH MENTALIS MANDIBLE BELOW INCISORS SKIN OF CHIN Protrudes lower lip (as in a pout) Orbicularis oris MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE SKIN AROUND LIPS PURSES AND PROTRUDES LIPS; KISSING AND WHISTLING ORBICULARIS OCULI FRONTAL AND MAXILLARY BONE Tissue of the eyelid PROTECTS THE EYE; BLINKING 16. Matching (Muscles of the Chest and Back ) a. ____ E___ deltoid A. stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula b. ____ F___ latissimus dorsi B. prime mover of arm flexion; used in climbing and throwing

______________________________. 29. The longest muscle in the body, which crosses superficially from lateral to medial across the thigh, is known as the __________ SARTORIUS__________________________. 30. True or False The gluteus maximus and gluteus medius abduct and medially rotate the thigh. 31. Name the three muscles of the hamstring group . A. __ BICEPS FEMORIS____________________________________ B. ___________ SEMITENDINOSUS___________________________ C. ______ SEMIMEMBRANOSUS__________________________________ 32. What is the main action of the hamstring group ? ___ PRIME MOVERS OF THIGH EXTENSIONS AND LEG FLEXION________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 33. Both the ______ GASTROCNEMIUS______________________________ muscle and soleus muscles plantar flex the foot. They insert on the calcaneus bone via the calcaneal tendon, better known as the _____________________ CALCANEAL_________________ tendon. 34. The ( c entral / peripheral ) nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; whereas, the ( central / peripheral ) nervous system consists of all the structures outside the brain and spinal cord. 35. Motor neurons are also known as ( afferent / efferent ) neurons; whereas, sensory neuron are also known as ( afferent / efferent ) neurons. 36. The somatic nervous system is also known as the ( voluntary / involuntary ) nervous system and conveys impulses to ________ SKELETAL MUSCLES _____________________________________________________. 37. The autonomic nervous system is also known as the ( voluntary / involuntary ) nervous system and conveys impulses to _______________________ CARDIAC MUSCLES, SMOOTH MUSCLES AND GLANDS _______________________________________. 38. The ( parasympathetic / sympathetic ) division is also known as the “resting and digesting response”; whereas; the ( parasympathetic / sympathetic ) division is also known as the “fight or flight response”. 39. Matching (Neuroglial cells ) a. ___ E___ astrocytes A. form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system b. ___ B___ microglial cells B. phagocytize bacteria or dead neuronal debris

c. __ F____ ependymal cells C. surround the neuron cell body for “protection” d. __ D__ oligodendrocytes D. form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system e. ___ A___ Schwann cells E. anchor neurons to their glucose and oxygen supply f. ___ C___ satellite cells F. circulate cerebrospinal fluid 40. Which of the following are the most abundant neuroglial cells ? A. astrocytes B. ependymal cells C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells E. satellite cells 41. Which of the following statements is false regarding neurons ? A. Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system. B. Neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another. C. Neurons exhibit extreme longevity. D. Neurons are amiotic. E. Neurons have a low metabolic rate. 42. True or False A neuron can have many axons, but only one dendrite. 43. True or False The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of neurons is also known as the Nissl bodies which are highly developed to make neurotransmitters. 44. Matching (Neuron Cell Structures ) a. ___ C__ dendrite A. rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron cell b ___ D__ lipofuscin B. the end bulb regions of the axon c. __ A___ Nissl bodies C. short branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons d. ___ E__ axon hillock D. “aging pigment” produced as a by-product of lysosomal activity e. __ B___ axon terminal E. a cone-shaped area of the cell body from which the axon extends 45. The _____________ MYELIN ________________ sheath is a whitish fatty segmented sheath that covers the axon to protect, insulate and increase its speed of transmission by ___150______X. 46. The _____________NODES OF RANVIER______________________________ are spaces (gaps) between Schwann cells along the myelin sheath of the neuron axon. 47. True or False The outer layer of a Schwann cell is called the neurilemma.

_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ____ 56. An undershoot (or hyperpolarization) of approximately _________ occurs at the end of every action potential. The neuron is insensitive to a new stimulus at this time. A. -30mV B. -75mV C. -70mV D. -55mV E. +30mV 57. True or False An action potential impulse propagates away from its point of origin at a constant velocity (like dominos). 58. True or False An action potential decreases in strength with distance. 59. True or False Weak stimuli cause nerve impulses to be generated more often in a given time interval than do strong stimuli. 60. The ( smaller / larger ) the axon diameter, the ( slower / faster ) the conduction rate. 61. Myelinated neurons undergo ( continuous / saltatory ) conduction, which occurs much faster than unmyelinated neurons. 62. Which of the following statements is false regarding the synapse ? A . The synapse is a junction between one neuron and another neuron or a skeletal muscle cell. B. The electrical synapse is more common than the chemical synapse. C. The electrical synapse uses ions flowing from one neuron to the next through gap junctions. D. The chemical synapse uses neurotransmitters between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. E. None of the above 63. Number the steps that occur at the “ Chemical Synapse ” in their correct order . ____ 3___ neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron ___ 2____ neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft ____ 5___ the effects of the neurotransmitter last a few milliseconds and it is then disposed of __ 1_____ calcium gates open in the axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the Ca 2+ ions flow in ____ 4___ ion channels open in the postsynaptic neuron membrane and Na + flows into the cell causing an action potential to occur 64. Which of the following statements is false regarding neurotransmitters ? A. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. B. Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

C. Acetylcholine is responsible for all skeletal muscle contraction. D. Epinephrine plays a role in emotional behavior. E. Endorphins reduces our perception of pain. 65. Which of the four major parts of the brain is the largest ? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. diencephalon D. brain stem E. corpus collasum 66. True or False Gyri are elevated ridges of tissue all over the brain (cerebrum). 67. True or False The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. 68. Name the five lobes of the cerebrum: __ Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 69. The cerebral ( white / gray ) matter is composed of six layers of neuron cell bodies comprising the outer surface of the cerebrum. 70. True or False The central sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum. 71. The primary motor cortex is located in the ( precentral / postcentral ) gyrus; whereas, the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ( precentral / postcentral ) gyrus. Matching (Motor Areas of the Cerebrum ) 72. ___ b___ primary motor cortex A. a special motor speech area 73. ___ c___ premotor cortex B. controls precise voluntary movements of skeletal muscles 74. ___ a___ Broca's area C. controls repetitious or patterned motor skills 75. ___ d___ Frontal eye-field D. voluntary movements of the eye 76. Name the two gyri mapped out by K. Brodmann using “ somatotopy ” mapping. Name the sensory or motor cortex found in each gyrus. A. __postcentral gyrus, primary somatosensory cortex _________________________________________________________________________ B. ____precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex ________________________________________________________________________ 77. Which of the following sensory areas is one that “integrates and coordinates our sensory inputs"?

86. True or False The thalamus acts as a relay station between the cerebrum and all other parts brain and spinal cord. 87. State seven functions of the pituitary gland ? A. _ Autonomic nervous system________________________________________________________ B. __Emotional response_______________________________________________________ C. _Body temperature regulation________________________________________________________ D. __regulation of food intake_______________________________________________________ E. ___Regulation of water balance and thirst _________________________________ F. __Regulates sleep-wake cycle_______________________________________________________ G. ___Controls endocrine system______________________________________________________ 88. True or False The mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus act as a relay station for the olfactory (smell) pathways. 89. The pineal gland of the _____________________ secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles? A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. epithalamus D. thalamus E. medulla oblongata 90. The ___________________________ allows for smooth coordinated skeletal muscle movements to occur simultaneously? A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. epithalamus D. pons E midbrain 91. The white matter in the cerebellum is called the _____ Arbor Vitae = Tree of life ______________________________________. 92. Which part of the brain stem controls both involuntary respiration and heart rate? A. midbrain B. pons C. medulla oblongata D. all of the above E. none of the above 93. Name the three parts of the brain stem : A. ___ Midbrain____________________________________ B. ___ Pons____________________________________ C. ____ Medulla Oblongata____________________________________ 94. What is the approximate rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation? _____ 150ml every 8 hours __________________________

95. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ___ Choroid plexus_______________________________ which hangs from the roof of each ventricle. What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid? ______ a liquid cushion that reduces the weight of the brain by 97%____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 96. The meninges are three connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. Name and describe the function of the three layers of the meninges- from superficial to deep layer . A. _ Dura Mater-a two layer sheet of fibrous connective tissue (white) extends downward in several places to form flat partitions that subdivide the brain limiting its movement B. __Arachnoid Mater -loose brain covering, the subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. “looks web like” ____________________________________________________________________________ C. ___ Pia matter- thin delecate connective tissue that clings to surface of brain looks like cellophane ___ 97. Which of the following statements is false regarding the spinal cord ? A. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of L1-L2. B. The spinal cord ends in a cone-shaped area known as the conus medullaris. C. The cauda equina are a collection of nerves coming off the conus medullaris. D. There are 29 pairs of spinal nerves. E. None of the above 98. A lumbar puncture or "spinal tap" is performed at the level of _ L4-L5_________________. 99. The ( white / gray ) matter looks like an "H" or a butterfly on the inside of the spinal cord. 100. Matching (Gray Matter and Spinal Roots ) a. ___ d___ posterior horn A. sensory neuron cell bodies; located outside the spinal cord b. ____ b__ anterior horn B. ventral horn; contains motor neurons c. ___ c___ lateral horn C. contains autonomic nervous system neurons d. ___ a___ dorsal root ganglia D. dorsal horn; contains sensory neurons and interneurons