connective tissue lab 4

Histology – Connective Tissue HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 04b Activity Background Connective Tissue Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the body. It is not as dense as epithelial tissue, and is made up of cells, fibers, and extracellular components embedded in fluid. This structure allows connective tissue to provide ample support, while also staying pliable. Cells called fibroblasts are responsible for producing connective tissues. Blood, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose (fat), and lymph are all examples of connective tissue. The extracellular portion of connective tissue primarily includes the following:  Interstitial fluid – fluid that contains proteins and cells  Adhesion proteins – allow cells to bind to each other and to structural fibers  Proteoglycans – proteins that act to filter fluids through the ground substance  Collagen – extremely strong fibers that provide support  Elastin – fibers that are able to stretch and return to their original shape, much like a rubber band  Reticular fibers – fine networking fibers Connective tissue functions to protect, store energy, support, transport, insulate, and connect all body tissues. These tissues can be highly vascular, but can also be avascular, such as with cartilage. In the avascular tissues, they tend to be made up of more extracellular (non-living) matrices, or substances, rather than of cellular components. Types of Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Binds cells and fibers together, but also allows movement Adipose Fat; stores nutrients, insulates, and protects organs Reticular Much like dense spider webbing; allows for structure and flow of substances Dense Connective Tissue Regular Make up tendon and ligaments; tightly organized bundles of collagen Irregular Make up the dermis; tight bundles of collagen that are unorganized Cartilage Hyaline Provides support while still being pliable; most abundant form of cartilage Elastic Provides support while still able to stretch Fibrocartilage Provides strong support and handles heavy pressure Other Tissues Bone Support; hard tissue of collagen fibers and calcium surrounding osteocytes Blood Tissue that contains red blood cells, proteins, and fluid called plasma Name(s): ________________________ Period: _________ Date: ___________ http://pharmaworld.pk.cws3.my-hosting-panel.com/products/stimg_43_344.jpg 139

Connective Tissue Disorders & Disease There are several diseases and disorders that specifically target connective tissues. Collagen and elastin are the most common components that are affected. These tissues may simply become injured through trauma, such as a sprain, or they may be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Often it is the body’s own immune system that causes an inflammation in these tissues. Symptoms tend to be disease-specific, but the most common symptoms associated with connective tissue disorders include fatigue, fever, muscle pain, stiffness, weakness, and joint pain. A few examples of connective tissue disorders include: Disorder What is it? Symptoms Prevalence Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Genetic disease that causes the deterioration of collagen Fragile and stretchy skin, fatty lumps, extremely flexible joints 1 in 5,000 Marfan syndrome Genetic disease that causes abnormal fibrillin production Tall, slender, loose joints, disproportioned skeleton, scoliosis, dislocation of lens (eyes), cardiovascular disease, ectasia, less elastic alveoli 1 in 5,000 Osteogenesis imperfecta AKA brittle bone disease; Insufficient collagen production, causing an inability to build bone structure Short, bones easily fracture, blue sclera, deafness, scoliosis, kyphosis, bowed bones 1 in 20,000 Rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune disease that causes an inflammation of cartilage and joints Swollen joints, joint pain, morning stiffness, firm bumps under skin, fatigue, weight loss, fever 9.8 in 1,000 Scleroderma Autoimmune disease causing a build- up of scar tissue in the skin, blood vessels, and organs Swelling, itching, tenderness of the skin, calcinosis, heartburn, Raynaud’s phenomenon, increased blood pressure, renal crisis, bowel disease 1 in 906 Systemic lupus erythematosus Inflammation of connective tissues Varied; fever, fatigue, muscle ache, alopecia, arthritis, ulcers, photosensitivity, pleuritis, pericarditis, Raynaud’s phenomenon 1 in 1,000 Shiel, W.C. and Stoppler, M.C. 2012. Connective Tissue Disease. www.medicinenet.com . Materials Connective tissue charts (12) Computer/internet OR connective tissue slides and a microscope Procedure Part A. Becoming Familiar with Connective Tissues In Part A of this lab you will have the opportunity to familiarize yourself with the different types of connective tissues. Posters with the 10 main types of tissues have been placed throughout the room. Visit each poster and record the description, function, and location in the following chart. Draw and label an example in the right column for each picture. An example drawing can be seen in Figure 1 to the right. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Transverse_Section_Of_Bone.png/250px-Transverse_Section_Of_Bone.png http://www.jfponline.org/images/5910/5910JFP_Article2-fig2.jpg Figure 1 140

Description (write or draw) Mostly ground substance; contains all three types of protein fibers, fibroblasts, and occasionally adipocytes. Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Contains and supports blood vessels and houses immune system cells. Location Under epithelial tissue b. Connective Tissue Proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Description (write or draw) Fat Bubble wrap Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Storage, insolate, shock absorption. Location surrounding organs, below skin c. Connective Tissue Proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Description (write or draw) Web like nets Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Supporting small structures, and trap old and foreign cells Location lymph spleen 142

d. Connective Tissue Proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Description (write or draw) Bacon Connect muscle with bone. Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Connecting muscle and connecting bones Location Between the skeleton system and muscle system e. Connective Tissue Proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular Description (write or draw) Very irregular, contains proteins and fibers. steak Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Resist tension Location below the skin f. Cartilage: hyaline Description (write or draw) tissue glossy bluish-gray appearance seeds Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Expand and contract. Location 143

Location skeleton system j. Others: blood Description (write or draw) Looks like small donuts Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Transport, protection, repair Location Blood vessels, Cardiovascular system k. Others: spongy bone Description (write or draw) Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function Location l. Others: lymph Description (write or draw) Draw an example. Use colored pencils and label if necessary. Function 145

Location Part B. Identify the Connective Tissue In Part B of this activity, use what you have just learned to identify the following connective tissues. Write your answers on the line in each box. A. _fabrocartalage __ B._Blood___ C. __Dense irregular_______ D. _____ ______________ E. _elastic cartilage______ F. ____bone_______________ _ G. Hylien cartilage______________ _ . _____adipose_______ _ I. _____dense regular__________ J. _ _Areola_________ K. __white blood cell___ L. __reticular____ M. No N. O. _ No 146

Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function c. Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Slide Choices: Reticular tissue slide, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function d. Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Slide Choices: Dense regular tissue slide, tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function e. Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular 148

Slide Choices: Dense irregular tissue slide, dermis, submucosa, joint capsules Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function f. Cartilage: hyaline Slide Choices: Hyaline cartilage, embryo skeleton, end of long bones, costal cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function g. Cartilage: elastic Slide Choices: Elastic cartilage, ear, epiglottis Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function h. Cartilage: fibrocartilage 149

Slide Choices: Spongy bone Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function l. Others: lymph Slide Choices: Blood, bone marrow, lymph Organ Draw an example. Use colored pencils. Organ Function Tissue Function Analysis Questions - on a separate sheet of paper complete the following 1. Create a concept map titled “Connective Tissues” with a short description OR a drawn example including ALL of the following: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue, regular dense tissue, irregular dense tissue, cartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, other tissues, compact bone, spongy bone, blood, and lymph. 2. What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue? 3. What is the difference between areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue? 4. What is the difference between regular and irregular dense tissue? 5. What is the difference between hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage? 6. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone? 7. CONCLUSION : In 1-2 paragraphs summarize the procedure and results of this lab. Review Questions - on a separate sheet of paper complete the following 1. What three parts primarily make up connective tissue? 2. What are fibroblasts? 3. What parts of the body are classified as connective tissue? 4. What is interstitial fluid? 5. What are adhesion proteins? 151