Lab Activity #6

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 1 We complete our look at the axial skeleton in this lab by examining the vertebra, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone and auditory ossicles. You will first learn about the general anatomy of vertebra and then focus on recognizing these features on typical cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebra. Emphasis on the unique anatomy of atypical cervical vertebra is included. The articulation between thoracic vertebra and ribs and the relationship between ribs and the sternum is also explored. Similar to lab #5, it is important to learn bone anatomy from three (3) distinct sources, including: 1) real human bones; 2) bone models and 3) Complete Anatomy representations. Please see the appendix for a comprehensive list of all landmarks you are responsible for on the lab practical. 1. How many vertebra (total) are found in children versus adults? What accounts for this difference? 2. In the table below, provide the primary explanation for why each of the following spinal curvatures develop in the vertebral column: Reason for occurrence Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Lab objectives: 1. Recognize basic vertebra anatomy on typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar and sacral vertebra. 2. Recognize the unique anatomy of atypical cervical vertebra and describe how they articulate with one another. 3. Describe the articulation of thoracic vertebra with ribs and the relationship of true and false ribs with the sternum 4. Learn the anatomy of the hyoid bone and auditory ossicles and recognize why they’re unique

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 2 General anatomy of vertebra 3. An attachment site for intervertebral discs. Bears most of the weight of the vertebral column. 4. The pedicle and lamina form this structure. 5. Found only on cervical vertebra. Serves as a passageway for vertebral arteries. 6. Extends laterally from the pedicle. 7. A feature only found on thoracic vertebra. 8. Projects posteriorly from the lamina. 9. Serves as a passageway for the spinal cord. 10. Each vertebrae contains a pair. Used for articulating with other vertebra. Cervical vertebra anatomy 11. How many cervical vertebra (total) are present in the adult spine? 12. Identify the three (3) atypical cervical vertebra . 13. Describe the shape of the spinous process and the angle it points in typical cervical vertebra. 14. Which cervical vertebra contains an odontoid process (dens)? 15. Which cervical vertebra has a large spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck? 16. Which cervical vertebra lacks a body ? Word Bank Pedicle Lamina Body Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Articular facets Costal facets Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen Fill in the blank. Answer the following questions regarding vertebra anatomy using the word bank on the right. Atlas & axis anatomy

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 4 21. Describe the location of the costal facets on thoracic vertebra in relation to its general anatomical features. 22. View the video and describe the two (2) articulations that are made between a rib and the costal facets of a thoracic vertebra. Identify/label all the features of the thoracic vertebra below. Thoracic vertebra landmarks: Body Vertebral arch Superior articular facets Superior costal facets Spinous process Pedicle Inferior articular facets Superior articular processes Vertebral foramen Lamina Transverse costal facets Inferior articular processes Lumbar vertebra anatomy 23. How many lumbar vertebra are in the adult spine? 24. What angle does the spinous process point in a typical lumbar vertebra? Thoracic vertebra & ribs:

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 5 25. What other distinctive anatomical landmarks do lumbar vertebra exhibit? Identify/label all the features of the lumbar vertebra below. Lumbar vertebra landmarks: Body Vertebral arch Superior articular facets Inferior articular processes Spinous process Pedicle Inferior articular facets Vertebral foramen Lamina Superior articular processes Sacrum & coccygeal vertebra 26. How many sacral vertebra (total) are in the adult spine? 27. What landmark on the adult sacrum is the result of fused vertebral bodies? 28. What landmark on the sacrum articulates with the body of the L5 vertebra? 29. What nervous system structure runs through the sacral canal ? 30. How many coccygeal vertebra (total) are in the adult spine?

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 7 C1 (Atlas) Anterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Anterior arch Posterior arch Superior articular facets Inferior articular facets Transverse foramen Vertebral foramen Transverse process Vertebral foramen C2 (Axis) Odontoid process (dens) Body Pedicle Lamina Transverse processes Spinous process Superior articular facets Inferior articular facets Superior articular processes Inferior articular processes Vertebral arch General vertebra anatomy (any other cervical, thoracic or lumbar vertebra) Body Pedicle Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse processes Spinous process Superior articular facets Inferior articular facets Superior articular processes Inferior articular processes Superior costal facets (thoracic vertebra only) Transverse costal facets (thoracic vertebra only) Intervertebral foramen Sacrum Sacral promontory Transverse lines Superior articular facets Base Superior articular processes Sacral foramen Sacral canal Ala Coccyx. No additional feature to know. Sternum Manubrium Clavicular notch Xiphoid process Body Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Sternal angle Appendix: Vertebra and thoracic bones lab practical checklist

Lab Activity #6 © Cory Lindsay 2022 8 Ribs Head Tubercle Inferior costal margin Facets Hyoid bone Greater wings Lesser wings Body Auditory ossicles Incus Malleus Stapes