Study Guide: Understanding the Skin and Skeleton Systems

1 Module 2 Lab Name: Megan Scheidel Part 1: The Skin The skin is also known as the Integumentary System. Use your text to help you as you study the slides and models. Skin Model Using the skin model, find the following structures: 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis 4. Hair follicles 5. Arrector pili muscle 6. Sebaceous gland 7. Meissner’s corpuscle 8. Pacinian corpuscle (Lamellar corpuscle) 9. Sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) 10. Adipose tissue Skin Model – 3 sections Obtain the skin model with different sections. 1. Compare and contrast (describe similarities AND differences) the tissue samples of skin and scalp. The scalp has much more visible hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The skin has those features less visible, with the striations of the dermis being the most prominent feature. 2. Compare and contrast (describe similarities AND differences) the tissue samples of skin with different shades. The skin samples are very similar, with the differences in coloring mainly made by the dye. However, the pigmented skin samples have these little dark granules of melanin that are highly visible.

2 Skin slide Obtain a microscope and slide of skin (normal skin, not skin cancer). Look at the slide under low power. You will be able to see hair follicles extending out from the skin tissue. Go up to the 10X or 40X to look at the epidermis layer. It is not very thick and stains purple. It will also be flaking off at the top. 1. What type of tissue makes up the epidermis? Epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis, mainly stratified squamous. 2. Look at the dermis layer. Can you find a gland? You may not be able to see any on your slide, but try to find one using the photos in your text as a guide. You may also find blood vessels as well. I did not see any glands. 3. What type of tissue makes up the dermis? Connective tissue makes up the dermis, mainly fibrous connective tissue. Internet search Use the internet to find information about skin cancers. Use reliable medical websites, such as CDC.gov, the Merck manual, the national institute of health (NIH), or the Mayo Clinic. Pick a type of skin cancer and find the following information. Skin Cancer 1. Describe one type of skin cancer (include at least one risk factor, appearance, cells/tissues involved, spread, and test used for diagnosis). Simple squamous carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that affects the uppermost layers of the epidermis, specifically the simple squamous cells. It has multiple appearances, such as red, scaly patches of skin, open sores, and wart-like thickened skin with a central depression. The biggest risk factor is unprotected exposure to the sun, the ultraviolet radiation mutates the skin cells and makes them grow uncontrollably. It spreads slowly across the surface of the skin. It is mainly diagnosed by sight, with additional biopsies performed by histologists and other professionals. 2. Describe an important warning sign(s) for the skin cancer you chose. Atypical spots of skin are the biggest warning signs, typically these spots are firm and scaly compared to the skin around it. Additionally, if there seems to be some sort of depression in the center of it, get it checked out immediately, especially if at home treatments don’t work.

3 Part 2: Introduction to the Skeleton Box of bones Obtain a complete set of bones from the boxes provided. With the help of your lab team/table, lay out the skeleton on the lab bench. Use one of the articulated skeletons in the lab as a guide. You will need to pay attention to the unique structural features of each bone to determine which is the right vs. left, anterior vs. posterior, medial vs. lateral, parts with each of the bones. The boxes of bones may contain limited numbers of the correct number of bones when bones are needed bilaterally, so you may need to work with other groups to complete your skeleton model. Include a picture of your assembled skeleton model in the space below.

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5 Before you pack up the bones, make sure everyone in your group is able to name all of the bones. Skull clavicle Hyoid sternum Scapula ribs Vertebra sacrum Coccyx humerus Ulna radius Carpals metacarpals Phalanges pelvis Femur patella Tibia fibula Tarsals metatarsals phalanges

6 Part 3: The Skull Skull bones Obtain a skull and locate the skull bones. Frontal - Parietal - Nasal - sphenoid temporal - ethmoid lacrimal - zygomatic - maxilla - mandible - inferior nasal concha vomer- occipital- palatine (only able to observe on the inferior portion)- Use labels to identify EACH of the skull bones. Include a picture of your labeled skull in below.

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7 You may want to take a few minutes to write the above list several times on a sheet of paper. It will help you become familiar with the words, learn how to spell them and improve retention come test time. Sutures While you study the bones of the skull, look at the places where the large bones meet each other. Along the top of the skull the two parietal bones converge and form the sagittal suture . Also find the coronal, lambdoid and squamous sutures . Use the real skull to attempt to locate sutural bones . Use your fingernail to tap along the lambdoid suture. You may notice as you tap that a piece of the bone is separate from the surrounding parietal and occipital bones. Test your lab partner over the bones and sutures of the skull.

8 The Skull continued In this section you will learn the features of the skull. Don’t try to learn all of them at once. Work on one group at a time before moving on to the next group. Anterior aspect infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone optic canal superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure mental foramen Lateral aspect zygomatic process (of the temporal bone) alveolar processes/ margins external acoustic meatus mandibular notch mastoid process coronoid process styloid process mandibular angle lacrimal fossa condylar process/mandibular condyle Inferior aspect occipital condyles jugular foramen foramen magnum foramen lacerum foramen ovale carotid canal Superior view of the floor of the cranial cavity cribriform plate foramen rotundum crista galli foramen ovale cribiform/olfactory foramina foramen spinosum optic canal f oramen lacerum sella turcica jugular foramen foramen magnum internal acoustic meatus What is located inside the following features of the skull in a living human? 1. Sella turcica: The stella turcica houses the pituitary gland. 2. Foramen magnum: The foramen magnum houses the brain stem. 3. Optic canal: The optic canal houses the optic nerve and optic arteries. 4. Cribriform/Olfactory foramina: The cribriform foramina houses the olfactory nerves. 5. Carotid canal: The carotid canal houses the internal carotid artery. Hyoid bone - What is its function? The hyoid bone serves as an attachment point for the tongue and various muscles of the neck.

9 Part 4: Vertebrae Study the vertebral column of one of the articulated skeletons in the Lab. You should already be familiar with the sacrum and coccyx. Look at how the vertebrae are assembled and the sizes and shapes of each vertebra from the top to the bottom. Vertebrae Obtain a box of vertebrae. Dump the box on your desk. If they are strung together on a chain, remove them from the chain. 1. Find the seven cervical vertebrae. They have a hole in each transverse process. 2. Then locate the five largest vertebrae. These are the lumbar vertebrae. 3. The 12 remaining are the thoracic vertebrae. (If you do not have the correct amount, you will need to check with other students to find missing pieces.) 4. Use a thoracic vertebra while studying the typical vertebra figure in your text. Locate: Spinous process Transverse process Transverse foramen (You will need a cervical vertebra) Vertebral foramen Body Atlas and Axis . The first two cervical vertebrae are structurally different than other vertebrae. Atlas is the first vertebra and axis is the second cervical vertebra. Compare these with the typical vertebra. What would articulate with the superior articular facets of atlas? The occipital condyles articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas. Notice the dens (odontoid process). What is the function of such an odd structure? It acts as a pivot point for the atlas and the head to rotate.

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10 Spinal curvatures Describe the following spinal curvatures. Scoliosis The spine curves to the left or the right, instead of staying medial. Kyphosis The spine of the upper back curves forward, leading to “hunchback.” Lordosis The spine of the lower back curves forward, leading to “swayback.” Sternum and ribs Use one of the articulated skeletons to locate the following. Jugular notch Body Xiphoid process True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

11 Part 5: The Appendicular Skeleton As you work through this section, use bones from the boxes and refer to the articulated skeletons often. Clavicle Sternal end Acromial end Scapula Lateral border Medial border Acromion Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Spine Humerus Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle

12 Ulna Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Styloid process Radius Head Neck Styloid process Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Ilium Ischium Pubis Obturator foramen Acetabulum Iliac crest Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Pubic symphysis Compare the male and female pelves on the counter . Use the Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves in your text to help you as you study. Write about the differences in the pubic arch, the sacrum and the coccyx.

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13 Femur Head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Patella Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior border (crest) Medial malleolus Fibula Head Lateral malleolus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Synovial Joint Synovial joints allow a great deal of movement between two bones with a fluid-filled joint cavity between the bones. We will study one example of a synovial joint, the knee. Knee Joint Study the model of the knee. Locate the following. Patellar ligament Fibular collateral Tibial collateral Anterior cruciate Posterior cruciate Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus

Module 2 Lab

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