Milestone Two
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Southern New Hampshire University *
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Anatomy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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docx
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Uploaded by ChancellorWalrus1446
Running head: Milestone Two
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Intro to Anatomy and Physiology
Jude Hanno
Southern New Hampshire University
The Urinary System Diseases and Relationship with Endocrine System
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An infection common in the urinary system is a urinary tract infection (UTI), which is an infection of the bladder, kidneys, urethra, and ureters. A UTI can be only in one area of the system, or it can spread throughout all the organs of the urinary system (Carson-
Dewitt, 2023).
UTIs in the urinary system can be developed by many causes, including but not limited to
sexual activity, medical conditions such as anatomical defects of the urinary system or weakened immune systems, medical devices such as using a diaphragm for birth control for women or spermicidal foam for men, or medications like antibiotics (Carson-Dewitt, 2023).
The likelihood of developing UTIs increases for both men and women as they age, but especially as women enter menopause and as men are at age 50. Women’s urethra opening and rectum are near one another and their urethra is shorter than mens, which may lead to a higher rate of UTIs for women (Carson-Dewitt, 2023).
Kidney stones are another disease of the Urinary System, which impacts approximately 11 percent of women and six percent of men in the United States at least once (Weinberg,
2023). They are most common in people ages twenty to fifty but can also happen at any age due to dehydration, diabetes, obesity, a high-salt diet, and many more.
Kidney stones are a deposit of minerals formed in the kidneys that can cause blockage or irritation in urination, often resulting in blood. The four primary types are calcium oxalate, cystine, uric acid, and struvite (Weinberg, 2023).
The kidneys’ function in the urinary system is to filter impurities out of our internal fluids, like filtering blood in nephrons (the structural units of kidneys that form urine).
The Urinary System Diseases and Relationship with Endocrine System
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They also secrete or reabsorb electrolytes under the direction of hormones in the endocrine system (Marieb, 2021).
The urinary system and the adrenal glands of the endocrine system are connected as the paired glands are perched atop the kidneys, where the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids-aldosterone hormone which regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion secretions by way of the kidneys (Marieb, 2021).
In the urinary system, the kidneys source active vitamin D3 to the endocrine system, which stimulates active transport of calcium across intestinal cell membranes (Marieb, 2021).
The kidneys release erythropoietin, which helps the endocrine system stimulate red blood
cell production (Marieb, 2021).
The posterior pituitary gland of the endocrine system stores and releases an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that causes the kidney tubule cells of the urinary system to conserve water and reabsorb it (Marieb, 2021). It also increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
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The Urinary System Diseases and Relationship with Endocrine System
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References
Carson-DeWitt, R., M. D. (2023). Urinary tract infections. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.
Marieb, E. K., & Keller, S. (2021). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology.
Weinberg, D. M. (2023). Kidney stone. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.