Lab Activity #7

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Palomar College *

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211

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Anatomy

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 1 The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles as well as the bones of the upper and lower extremities which attach to them. In this lab, you will first learn about the general features of long bones and then practice identifying/recognizing these features throughout the appendicular skeleton as you learn specific anatomical landmarks on each bone. Where appropriate, you will focus on anatomical landmarks that allow you to distinguish left/right bones. Anatomical landmarks that form articulations are also emphasized. Like previous skeletal system labs, remember to learn bone anatomy from three (3) distinct sources, including: 1) real human bones; 2) bone models and 3) Complete Anatomy representations. Please see the appendix for a comprehensive list of all landmarks you are responsible for on the lab practical. General anatomy of long bones 1. Describe the location of the epiphysis on long bones. How many epiphyses does a long bone typically have and why are they unique? 2. What anatomical term describes the bone shaft ? 3. What is the significance of the metaphysis ? 4. Where is yellow bone marrow found versus red bone marrow ? 5. Identify at least three (3) examples of long bones described in the video. Lab objectives: 1. Learn the general features of long bones and apply them to the appendicular skeleton 2. Distinguish between left/right pairs of bones using anatomical landmarks 3. Locate/recognize major anatomical landmarks found on bones of the appendicular skeleton 4. Describe the articulations of bones in the appendicular skeleton using anatomical landmarks 5. Describe the organization of bones that form the hand and foot 6. Recognize the anatomical features of the pelvis and distinguish between male/female pelvises Long bone anatomy Watch the video and then answer the following questions regarding the general features of long bones in the appendicular skeleton.
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 2 6. The longest bone in the human body. 7. The lower leg bone that articulates with tarsals in the foot. 8. Bones that form the pectoral girdle. 9. A bone found medially within the forearm in the anatomical position. 10. An example of a sesamoid bone. 11. A bone in the forearm that articulates with carpals in the hand. 12. Bones that form the pelvic girdle. 13. A bone that contains one head and two necks. 14. A bone found laterally within the lower leg. 15. How many phalanges are found: a. in one hand ? b. in one foot ? c. in the appendicular skeleton ? Scapula anatomy 16. Using anatomical landmarks on the scapula, describe one way to distinguish the posterior surfac e from the anterior surface . 17. Describe a simple way to distinguish a left/right scapula using directional terminology and appropriate anatomical landmarks found on the scapula. Word Bank Humerus Tibia Clavicle Ischium Fibula Radius Pubis Femur Ulna Scapula Ilium Patella Use the word bank below to answer the following statements (6 - 14) regarding bones of the appendicular skeleton.
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 3 Humerus anatomy 18. Describe the difference between the anatomical neck and surgical neck of the humerus. 19. Identify at least one (1) landmark that is associated solely with each of the locations on the humerus below: a. Proximal epiphysis— b. Distal epiphysis— c. Diaphysis of the humerus— d. Anterior humerus— e. Posterior humerus— 20. Identify the landmarks on the humerus that articulate with the ulna during: a. Extension of the forearm b. Flexion of the forearm 21. Describe a simple way to distinguish a left/right humerus using directional terminology and appropriate anatomical landmarks found on the humerus. Radius & ulna anatomy 22. Describe the position of the radial and ulnar head as well as the styloid processes in the anatomical position.
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Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 4 23. Describe a simple way to distinguish a left/right radius using directional terminology and appropriate anatomical landmarks found on the radius. 24. Describe a simple way to distinguish a left/right ulna using directional terminology and appropriate anatomical landmarks found on the ulna. Carpals, Metacarpals and phalange anatomy 25. Beginning closest to the thumb, identify the proximal carpal row in sequential order. 26. Beginning closest to the pinky, identify the distal carpal row in sequential order. 27. Describe a way to distinguish anterior/posterior on an articulated hand. 28. Metacarpal I is associated with which finger ? 29. What is the largest carpal bone in the hand? 30. Metacarpal V is associated with which finger ? 31. What carpal bone articulates with metacarpal I ? Pelvic bone anatomy 32. Describe the difference between the bony pelvis and pelvic girdle . 33. What landmarks collectively form the pelvic brim ? 34. Describe the location of the true pelvis and false pelvis in relationship to the pelvic brim. Pelvis anatomy: Hand anatomy:
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 5 35. Which bones form the acetabulum ? Why is this landmark important? 36. Describe a method for distinguishing a male from female pelvis using anatomical landmarks. Femur anatomy 37. Describe the location of the fovea capitis on the femur and its significance. 38. Identify at least one (1) landmark that is associated solely with each of the locations on the femur below: a. Proximal epiphysis— b. Distal epiphysis— c. Diaphysis of the femur— d. Anterior femur— e. Posterior femur— Tibia anatomy 39. What bony landmark on the tibia do you feel on the inside ankle? 40. Describe a simple way to distinguish a left/right tibia using directional terminology and appropriate anatomical landmarks found on the tibia.
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 6 Fibula anatomy 41. What bony landmark on the fibula do you feel on the outside ankle? 42. Identify one (1) landmark that is associated solely with each of the locations on the fibula below: a. Proximal epiphysis— b. Distal epiphysis— Tarsals, metatarsals and phalange anatomy 43. How many tarsals are found in one foot, compared to carpals in one hand? 44. Which tarsal forms the heel? 45. Which tarsal articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint ? 46. What is the function of foot arches ? 47. Identify the bones that form each of the following foot arches: a. Lateral arch b. Medial arch c. Transverse arch Foot anatomy:
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Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 7 In the table below, describe the anatomical landmarks on each bone that form the corresponding joint (left column). Anatomical Landmarks Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Glenohumeral joint Humeroradial joint Humeroulnar joint Radioulnar joint (proximal) Radioulnar joint (distal) Radiocarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Acetabulofemoral joint Tibiofemoral joint Tibiofibular joint (proximal) Tibiofibular joint (distal)
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 8 Note: In addition to learning the landmarks below, you should practice distinguishing left/right forms of all bones. Clavicle Sternal end/extremity Acromial end/extremity Scapula Acromion process Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Glenoid fossa/cavity Spine Infraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Vertebral border Subscapular fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Axillary border Inferior angle Superior angle Humerus Head Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Coronoid fossa Deltoid tuberosity Anatomical neck Olecranon fossa Intertubercular sulcus Greater tubercle Surgical neck Lesser tubercle Medial epicondyle Ulna Olecranon process Radial notch Trochlear notch Styloid process Coronoid process Head Radius Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Ulnar notch Carpals Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Scaphoid Hamate Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Appendix: Appendicular skeleton lab practical checklist
Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 9 Metacarpals. Distinguish between metacarpals I-V . Phalanges. Distinguish between the proximal , middle and distal rows of phalanxes. Pelvic girdle. Be able to distinguish a male and female pelvis based on anatomical landmarks. Acetabulum Obturator foramen False (greater) pelvis True (lesser) pelvis/pelvic inlet Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Arcuate lines Pubic arch Pubic symphysis Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Ischium Ischial tuberosity Ramus Pubis Pubic symphsis Superior ramus Inferior ramus Patella. No additional features to know. Femur Head Gluteal tuberosity Fovea capitis Linea aspera Neck Lateral condyles Medial condyles Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Tibia Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Fibula Head Styloid process Lateral malleolus
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Lab Activity #7 © Cory Lindsay 2022 10 Tarsals Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Metatarsals. Distinguish between metatarsals I-V . Phalanges. Distinguish between the proximal , middle and distal rows of phalanxes.