Completed BIO 240 Post-Lab Questions Week 3
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Week 3 The Urinary System (Post-Lab Questions)
In Amerman (3rd edition) - Read Unit 25: Urinary System Anatomy (683-681) and
Read Unit 26: Urinary System Physiology (pages 689-695)
ANATOMY
Use the image below (cross section of a kidney) to help you answer questions 1-6.
1. The "A" arrow points to the:
a.
adrenal gland
b.
cortex
c.
ureter
d.
glomerulus
2. The arrow “B” points to the
a. cortex
b. renal pelvis
c. medulla
d. bowman’s capsule
3. After blood enters the kidneys, it travels to the:
a. proximal tubule
b. distal tubule
c. collecting ducts
d. glomerulus
4. The proximal and distal tubule are separated by the:
a. glomerulus
b. loop of henle
c. renal artery
d. collecting duct
5. Urine is stored in what part of the kidney before it moves to the bladder?
a. renal pelvis
b. ureter
c. medulla
d. loop of henle
6. What tube carries urine outside the body from the bladder?
a.
ureter
b.
distal tubule
c.
urethra
d.
loop of henle
Short Answer Questions (Refer to pages 669-670 in Amerman to help you)
1. Name ALL the major organs and structures of the urinary system and identify their functions
(preparation for the next class).
Kidney - Part of the Upper UT(Upper Urinary Tract). The kidneys help in the function of regulating
the amount of water and dissolved substances that are excreted from the body and which one are
returned to the blood. Also the kidney help in the process of erythropoesis which is the
stimulation of red blood cells production. As well as detoxifying the liver and making glucose
during times of starvation.
Urethra- Also part of the Upper UT(Upper Urinary Tract). Transports the urine from the kidneys to
the Bladder. There are two Urethras
Bladder- Part of the Lower UT. Stores urine. There is only one bladder
Ureter- Part of the Lower UT. It allows for the excretion/transport of the urine from the bladder
to the outside of the body. There is also one ureter
2. Describe the three layers of connective tissue in the kidneys: renal fascia, adipose capsule, and
renal capsule.
Renal fascia - A layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to
the posterior abdominal wall and the peritoneum
Adipose capsule - The thick layer of adipose tissue that wedges the kidneys in place
Renal Capsule- A very thin layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that encases each
kidney like a wrap
3. What are the three distinct regions of the kidneys? Describe each of them in detail following key
terms (part of the micro anatomy of the kidneys):
Renal Cortex- Outer most layer of the kidney that is dark brown because it contains the blood
vessels that help the nephrons (functional unit of kidneys) do their job of filtering blood that
enters the kidneys Renal Medulla- The middle layer of the kidney which mostly consist of the renal
pyramids. The pyramids are separated from each other by renal extensions from the renal cortex.
These are known as the renal columns. The pyramids contain looping tubules of nephrons that drain
fluids from the nephrons. The tube give the pyramids a striped appearance. The tip of the pyramids
is called the renal papilla.
Renal Pelvis- The innermost region of the kidney. The renal papilla drains into minor calyces that
drain into even larger major calyces. These then drain into the renal pelvis as a container for
collecting urine.
4. Define the following key terms (part of the micro anatomy of the kidneys):
Nephron- A nephron is the basic unit of the kidney. They also produce urine by
removing waste and excess substances
Glomerulus- The glomerulus(capillaries of the area of kidney) is the area of the
kidney where the afferent arterioles bring in blood that gets filtered by the
bowman's capsule. Since the incoming afferent arterioles has a larger diameter
than
the efferent arterioles the pressure increases in the glomerulus this forces salt,
glucose, water and urea out of the glomerulus. Leaving just blood and
proteins(specifically plasma proteins)
Peritubular capillaries- The location blood goes after it is done with glomerulus. It
receives the blood from the efferent arterioles. Collects water and other solubles
from the
Proximal tubule(PCT)- The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more than 99% of
nutrients. It is on the opposite side of the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Nephron loop- Loops that extend deep into the renal medulla. They are part of the
minority of nephron known as the juxtamedullary nephrons. They account for 15% of
nephrons. The loops extend into the medulla.
Distal tubule(DCT)- The distal convoluted tubule is where secretion occurs that chan-
ges the solute composition of the tubular fluid. Only 15-20% of nutrients reach the
DCT
Cortical collecting duct- This is a connected to the distal convoluted tubes by the
connecting tubules. It regulates the amount of sodium in the urine. Also connects to
mUltiple nephrons.
1.
Select the correct order of organs for the path urine takes from its
formation to its leaving the body:
a. bladder; urethra; ureter; kidney
b. bladder; kidney; ureter; urethra
c. kidney; ureter; bladder; urethra
d. kidney; urethra; bladder; ureter
2.
Choose the
incorrect
statement:
a.
The interstitial fluid of the inner renal medulla has very high solute
concentrations.
b.
During tubular reabsorption, useful substances move from the blood into
the filtrate within the nephron.
c.
During tubular secretion, excess substances move from the blood into
the filtrate within the nephron.
d.
During glomerular filtration, substances move from the blood into the
nephron to form filtrate.
3.
Glomerular filtration
a.
occurs at the renal corpuscle.
b.
returns useful substances to the blood.
c.
occurs along the renal tubule.
d.
is the last step of three in cleansing the blood.
4.
Which of the following substances would normally
not
pass through the
glomerular filter?
a. water
b. ions
c. red blood cells
d. glucose
5.
Microvilli dramatically increase surface area for reabsorption. In the
nephron, microvilli characterize the:
a.
proximal convoluted tubule.
b.
distal convoluted tubule.
c.
collecting duct.
d.
glomerulus.
6.
Which of the following would raise blood pH?
a.
reabsorption of H
+
b.
secretion of H
+
c.
secretion of HCO3
−
d.
reabsorption of glucose
7.
Which of the following hormones results in production of large amounts of
dilute urine?
a.
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
b.
erythropoietin
PHYSIOLOGY
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c.
aldosterone- increase
concentration of urine
d.
antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)- increase
concentration of urine
8.
Urinary incontinence is:
a. lack of voluntary control over the internal urethral sphincter.
b. found only in infants and young children.
c. lack of voluntary control over urination.
d. failure to expel urine from the bladder to a normal degree.
9.
Which of the following substances has the lowest percent re
absorption by nephrons?
a.
glucose
b.
bicarbonate
c.
water
d.
urea
Critical Thinking:
1.
Miguel has noticed that after he drinks beer, his urine output increases.
Why does this happen?
The reason that his urine output increases is due to more fluid intake. Also
beer is a diuretic which cause the a suppression of the hormone ADH(Anti
Diuretic Hormone). When ADH is suppressed it causes the kidneys not to
reabsorb sodium. When there is an increase the amount of sodium that the
body is excreting this in turn leads to more excretion of water. This
process can also be explained by the sodium- potassium pump which occurs due
to aldesterone. The sodium-potassium pump enzyme is described as the
exportation of 3 sodium ions to import 2 potassium ions to keep the cell in
a state of low sodium and high potassium. When this occurs the the water of
the cell will follow the sodium. T
2.
Li has polycystic disease, an inherited and progressive condition that is
destroying her kidneys. What will be the health consequences of her chronic
renal failure? What are her options for restoring kidney function? What are
the advantages and disadvantages of each option?
A health consequences of chronic renal failure is a lack of filtration of
electrolytes and waste products in the body. One of the fixes for this would
be dialysis. Another fix would be a kidney transplantation. Dialysis is
great because it allows for external force to actually clean the kidneys.
However a disadvantage of dialysis is that it requires frequent visits to a
dialysis center about 3 times a week and 2-3 hours for every session. The
kidney transplantation is great because it allows a person to be able to get
a functional kidney and have all the functions of a their own kidney.
However a disadvantage is that does require medication that comprise your
immune system to allow the foreign kidney to be transplanted to another
person's body.
3.
Varian has proteinuria, a condition in which an abnormal amount of
protein is present in his urine. His physician suspects that hypertension
caused the proteinuria. Which region of the nephron did hypertension
likely damage to produce proteinuria? How might proteinuria be diagnosed?
The hypertension would cause issue to the blood vessel causing them them
to be damaged. The damage would affect the glomerulus due to it being the
capillary area of the kidney. There would be a lac of blood flow to the
area due to the damaged blood vessel causing a leakage of protein to be
in the urine. Proteinuria can be diagnosed through a urinalysis.