Module1_1.4_OrganSystems_LectureNotes
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Jan 9, 2024
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Module 1 - Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Outcome
Outcome 1:
Describe the processes of cellular metabolism and transport
Outcome 2:
Explain anatomical terminology, anatomical positions, and body
cavities
Outcome 3:
Describe the composition and function of cellular components and
tissues
Module 1.1 - Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body
Organ Systems
1.
What are the 11 types of Organ System and what is the organ system?
examples of organ systems are: the cardiovascular system, integumentary
system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system,
lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and
reproductive system
These systems operate with remarkable complexity, functioning in an
impressive manner even though we may not fully comprehend the processes at
play.
Organ systems collectively constitute the organism, which refers to a living
entity.
Humans are multicellular organisms, relying on the functioning of all organs
to survive
2.
What is the integumentary system?
also referred to as the skin, encompasses various components
The skin consists of three main layers: the epidermis (outer layer), the
dermis (middle layer), and the hypodermis (inner layer, also known as
subcutaneous tissue).
The hypodermis is primarily composed of fat, serving to hold in place the
dermis to a layer of fat cells( known as the adipocytes which play a role in
insulating and regulating body temperature.
The skin serves as the external body covering, safeguarding deeper tissues
from injury, and plays a crucial role in shielding internal organs from
extreme temperature changes.
this system produces Vitamin D, houses pain and pressure receptors for
protection,
contains things like hair (you can see that there’s a hair shaft
coming up in Figure 1.6
), contains sweat glands that produce sweat,
sudoriferous glands that produce oil
The skin contains numerous sensory nerves that enable us to perceive
sensations & Sensations travel through nerves and are transmitted as
signals to the brain via the nervous system.
The lymphatic system defends the internal environment when the
integumentary system is damaged, preventing microbes or chemicals from
entering the body.
3.
What is the Skeletal System?
Serves as the body's framework, providing structural support and aiding in
withstanding gravitational forces.
this system protects organs & provides protection for internal organs &
houses blood cells as well as stores minerals establishes
the structure to which muscles connect( e.g. The brain is protected by the
hard skull to prevent injury.)
4.
What is the Muscular System? What are the three types of muscle tissues?
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specialized tissue that enables movement
Muscles play a crucial role in the skeletal system by influencing bones and
facilitating movement.
Muscles contract and relax in coordinated patterns to facilitate daily
activities.
three different types of muscle tissue:
a.
The
cardiac muscle
, located inside the heart, functions
involuntarily, meaning it operates without conscious control
& it is striated(has stripes, so when you look under the
microscope, you can see the striations in the cardiac cells)
b.
Skeletal muscle
is present throughout the body, specifically
in the arms and legs.(it is striated and voluntary contraction
refers to the ability to control the movement of one's arm or
leg at will.)
c.
Smooth muscle tissue
is a specialized type of muscle
found within the digestive tract. (not striated, smooth,
elongated lines & Involuntary contractions (muscle
movements over which we lack conscious control.)
5.
What is the Nervous System?
Facilitates communication between body cells.
The body utilizes electrical impulses for internal
communication, allowing it to respond to both internal and
external stimuli.
enables the detection of external stimuli and facilitates
communication of this information to the brain. The system
comprises the brain, spinal cord (which extends through the
vertebral column along the back), and nerves.
The yellow lines represent peripheral nerves (in Figure 1.9)
6.
What is the Digestive System?
breaks down food into small molecules, which then enter the
bloodstream through the small intestine to provide the body with
nutrients.
The digestive system begins in the mouth and forms a continuous tube
that extends through the intestines, ultimately concluding at the anus.
The system is designed specifically to absorb nutrients and facilitate
their entry into the bloodstream, ensuring that the body receives the
necessary nutrients.
7.
What is the Endocrine System? What is metabolism, catabolism, anabolism,
and ATP? How our cells get the energy they need?
The glands depicted in Figure 1.11 produce hormones that control
both the reproductive system and the body's metabolism.
The system comprises organs located in both the brain and
throughout the body. These contribute to regulating various bodily
processes. Secret hormones play a crucial role in regulating both
the reproductive system and the metabolism of all cells in the
body, circulating through the bloodstream to fulfill these functions.
Metabolism encompasses the entirety of chemical reactions
occurring in the body, facilitating its proper functioning.
Catabolism involves breaking down substances into simpler
building blocks or reducing large units to smaller ones.
Anabolism involves the synthesis of more complex structures from
simpler ones, as well as the combination of smaller units to form
more intricate substances.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) : Cellular respiration utilizes
complex structures in conjunction with oxygen to produce ATP a
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highly energy-rich molecule that fuels cellular activities, providing
the necessary energy for cells to perform their functions.
o
The primary purpose for cells is to be able to create a lot of
ATP for all of the energy needs that they have
o
Steps that cells get the energy they need:
1.
The initial stage in cellular energy
production is glycolysis, where a glucose
molecule (with 6 carbon atoms) is
enzymatically broken down into two pyruvic
acid molecules, yielding the generation of 2
ATP molecules.
2.
In the citric acid cycle, the body further
metabolizes pyruvic acid to generate an
additional 2 ATP molecules and release
electrons.
3.
In the electron transport chain, the body
utilizes electrons to generate the majority of
its ATP, producing between 36 to 38 ATP.
8.
What is the Cardiovascular System?
comprises blood vessels that transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout
the body.
The system facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide waste from cells to the
lungs for exhalation, while also transporting essential nutrients to cells and
supplying them with oxygen.
9.
What is the Lymphatic System?
Responsible for immunity and combating disease.
part of the circulatory system, possessing a sophisticated network of vessels
and nodes facilitating the return of excess fluid to the heart.
throughout the body, you will see there are lymph nodes & various organs that
make up the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system primarily functions to return surplus fluid from the
cardiovascular system and play a role in defending the body against diseases.
10. What is the Respiratory System?
Involved in excreting metabolic waste, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2).
The respiratory system ensures that oxygen is supplied to the blood,
enabling all cells in the body to receive oxygen.
11. What is the Urinary System? What is excretion?
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involves excreting waste from the body. plays a crucial role in
maintaining the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.
The cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems collectively
facilitate the transportation of nutrients and waste throughout the body.
Excretion is the process of eliminating waste from the body, and it is
facilitated by the digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems.
12. What is the Male and Female Reproductive Systems?
responsible for creating new life
This system entails cellular reproduction, where the original cell divides to
generate two identical daughter cells, commonly utilized for body growth or
repair.
In human reproduction, a male sperm cell fertilizes an oocyte (egg) to form a
baby in the mother's uterus. controlled by hormones from the endocrine
systemThe lymphatic system primarily functions to return surplus fluid from
the cardiovascular system and play a role in defending the body against
diseases.