a) Interpretation: The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated. Concept introduction: Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic. To state: The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Question

The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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In an experiment, the viscosity of water was measured at different temperatures and the table was constructed from the data obtained. a) Calculate the activation energy of viscous flow (kJ/mol). b) Calculate the viscosity at 30°C. T/°C 0 20 40 60 80 η/cpoise 1,972 1,005 0,656 0,469 0,356

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 6

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 7

Chapter 9.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The stability of carbocations is in the order tertiary>secondary>primary. The carbocations can be stabilized either by resonance or by hyperconjugation or by the inductive effect of the substituents. Among these resonance plays an important role. The order of stability of carbocations is allylic>tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl>vinylic.

To state:

The order of increasing stability among the carbocations shown.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 9.3 - What products would you expect from the following...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 4P Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 5P Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 6P Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 7P Ch. 9.5 - Using any alkyne needed, how would you prepare the...Ch. 9.7 - The pKa of acetone, CH3COCH3, is 19.3. Which of...Ch. 9.8 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that carbocations are stabilized either by resonance or hyperconjugation or by inductive effect of the substituents.

Concept explainers

Chapter 9 Solutions