
(a)
Interpretation:
The pouring temperature in the cooling curve needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The cooling curve represents a change in temperature as a function of time. Cooling curve is of two types: Curve for metals having no inoculation and curve for metals with inoculation.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Pouring temperature is
Explanation of Solution
The figure shows the cooling curve for casting.
Pouring temperature is the temperature of the liquid at which liquid is added in the mold.Hence from the graph shown, temperature
(b)
Interpretation:
Solidification temperature of the metal in cooling curves needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from molten metal during cooling.The temperature at which molten metal starts forming crystal is solidification temperature.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Solidification temperature of metal is
Explanation of Solution
Solidification temperature at which solidification starts.Hence from the graph, solidification temperature is
Or,
(c)
Interpretation:
The superheat temperature of the metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Difference between pouring temperature and freezing temperature is known as superheating.
Pouring temperature is the temperature at which metal is introduced in a casting.
Freezing temperature is the temperature at which metal solidifies.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Superheat temperature is
Explanation of Solution
Superheat is a temperature between pouring temperature and freezing temperature.
Pouring temperature,
Freezing temperature,
Thus,
(d)
Interpretation:
At the starting of the solidification, thecooling rate needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Cooling curves are of two types of metal- for metal with no inoculation and for metal with inoculation.
Cooling curve represents different temperatures.
The cooling curve shows different regions according to change in temperature at a specific time.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Cooling rate of metal is
Explanation of Solution
The cooling rate is the rate of change in temperature with respect to time.
According to the graph,the slope of the curve from pouring temperature to freezing temperature shows the rate of cooling.
It is denoted by
Thus,
Cooling rate
(e)
Interpretation:
The total solidification time needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from molten metal during cooling. The time required to form crystal structure from molten metal is solidification time.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Total solidification time of metal is
Explanation of Solution
The time required to remove specific heat and latent heat of fusion during cooling of metal is total solidification time.It is the time between the pouring of metal to the completion of solidification.
From the graph,
(f)
Interpretation:
The local solidification time of metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from molten metal during cooling. The time required to form crystal structure from molten metal is solidification time.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Local solidification time of metal is 7.2 min.
Explanation of Solution
The time required to remove latent heat of fusion is at specific casting location is local solidification time.
It is the time between the start of solidification and the end of solidification.
Hence from the graph,
(g)
Interpretation:
The identity of metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Cooling curves are of two types of metal- for metal with no inoculation and for metal with inoculation.
Cooling curve represents different temperatures.The cooling curve represents charge in temperature as a function of time.

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Probable metal should be Zinc.
Explanation of Solution
Given the cooling curve is for metal having well inoculation.For this metal, solidification starts at melting temperature.Solidification of the temperature of this metal is
Hence, the probable metal should be zinc.
(h)
Interpretation:
The mold constant of metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
As per Chvorinov's rule, solidification time is directly proportional to the square of volume- area ratio of cast metal.
Here,

Answer to Problem 9.61P
Mold constant is
Explanation of Solution
As per Chvorinov's rule,
Volume of casting can be calculated as follow:
Area of castingcan be calculated as follow:
Putting the value.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering, SI Edition
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