
(a)
Interpretation:
Pouring temperature in the cooling curve needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The cooling curve represents a changein temperature as a function of time.
Cooling curves are of two types of metal- for metal with no inoculation and for metal with inoculation.
Cooling curve represents different temperatures.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Pouring temperature is
Explanation of Solution
Pouring temperature is the temperature of the liquid at which it is added in the mold.
Hence from the graph shown, temperature is
(b)
Interpretation:
The solidification temperature of the metal in cooling curves needs to be determined
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from the molten metal during cooling.
The temperature at which molten metal starts forming crystal is solidification temperature.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Solidification temperature of metal is
Explanation of Solution
Solidification temperature at which the solidification starts.Hence from the graph, the solidification temperature is
Thus,
(c)
Interpretation:
The superheat temperature of the metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Difference between pouring temperature and freezing temperature is known as superheating.
Pouring temperature is the temperature at which metal is introduced in a casting.
Freezing temperature is the temperature at which metal solidifies.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Superheat temperature is
Explanation of Solution
Superheat is a temperature between pouring temperature and freezing temperature.
Pouring temperature,
Freezing temperature,
(d)
Interpretation:
The cooling rate at the starting of solidification needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Cooling curves are of two types of metal- for metal with no inoculation and for metal with inoculation.
Cooling curve represents different temperatures.
The cooling curve shows the different regions according to the change in temperature at a specific time.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Cooling rate of metal is
Explanation of Solution
The cooling rate is the rate of change in temperature with respect to time.
According to the graph,the slope of the curve from pouring temperature to freezing temperature shows the rate of cooling.
It is denoted by
Cooling rate
(e)
Interpretation:
The total solidification time needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from molten metal during cooling. The time required to form crystal structure from the molten metal is solidification time.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Total solidification time of metal is
Explanation of Solution
The time required to remove the specific heat and the latent heat of fusion during cooling of metal is total solidification time.It is the time between the pouring of metal to the completion of solidification.
From the graph,
(f)
Interpretation:
The local solidification time of metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Solidification is a process of forming crystal structure from molten metal during cooling. The time required to form crystal structure from molten metal is called solidification time.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Local solidification time of metal is 340 sec.
Explanation of Solution
The time required to remove the latent heat of fusion at a specific casting location is local solidification time.It is the time between the start of solidification and the end of solidification.
Hence from the graph,
(g)
Interpretation:
The undercooling in the cooling curve needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
There are mainly two types of the cooling curve, when metal is well inoculated and when metal is not well inoculated.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
There is no undercooling in the cooling curve.
Explanation of Solution
Liquids don't have nucleating assent.Homogeneous nucleation takes place in B-C region.For cooling curve when the metal is well inoculated, undercooling is not necessary.Solidification starts at melting temperature.
(h)
Interpretation:
The identity of metal needs to be stated.
Concept Introduction:
Cooling curves are of two types of metal- for metal with no inoculation and for metal with inoculation.
Cooling curve represents different temperatures.The cooling curve represents a change in temperature as a function of time.

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Probably the metal should be cadmium.
Explanation of Solution
Given the cooling curve is for metal having well inoculation.For this metal, solidification starts at melting temperature.Solidification of the temperature of this metal is
Hence the probable metal should be cadmium.
(i)
Interpretation:
Mold constant of metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
As per Chvorinov's rule, solidification time is directly proportional to the square of volume- area ratio of the cast metal.
Here,

Answer to Problem 9.62P
Mold constant is
Explanation of Solution
As per Chvorinov's rule,
Volume of casting can be calculated as follows:
Area of casting can be calculated as follows:
Thus,
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering, SI Edition
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