Chapter 9, Problem 9.26QP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lattice energy of Calcium chloride has to be calculated using given data.

Concept Introduction:

Born-Haber cycle is based on Hess’s law to calculate the lattice enthalpy of ionic compounds and deals with energy changes in formation of ionic compounds.

The energy released when gaseous state ions of unlike charges that are infinitely farther apart combine to form a stable ionic solid is called Lattice energy.  Conversely, the energy required to break the electrostatic force of attraction between the ions of unlike charges in the ionic solid and revert them to gaseous state is also termed as Lattice energy of an ionic solid.

Hess’s law is applied to calculate the enthalpy changes in a reaction.  According to Hess’s law – “The overall enthalpy change of a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes involving in each and every individual steps in the reaction”.  Thus if a reaction involves ‘n’ steps then enthalpy change $\Delta H°$ of the reaction is,

$\Delta H°=\Delta {\text{H}}_1^{°}+\Delta {\text{H}}_2^{°}+\Delta {\text{H}}_3^{°}\mathrm{....}+\Delta {\text{H}}_n^{°}$

Answer to Problem 9.26QP

Lattice energy of Calcium chloride $CaC{l}_2$ is $2195kJ/mol.$

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{heat of sublimation of Ca}\text{= 121 kJ/mol}\\ {\text{ΔH}}_{\text{f}}^{\text{°}}\left(NaCl\right)=-795kJ/mol\\ energyneededtodissociate\\ halfmoleofC{l}_2=121.4kJ\end{array}$

The first step of Born-Haber cycle involves sublimation of solid $Ca$ into gaseous $Ca.$

$C{a}_{(s)}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ Ca}}_{(g)}\Delta H_1^{°}=121kJ/mol$

The second step of Born-Haber cycle involves dissociation of gaseous $C{l}_2$ into gaseous $Cl$ atoms.

${\text{Cl}}_{\text{2(g)}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ 2Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{°}}\text{ = 242}\text{.8 kJ/mol}$

The third step of Born-Haber cycle is ionization of gaseous $Ca$ into gaseous $C{a}^{2+}$ ions.

${\text{Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{+}}{\text{ + e}}^{\text{-}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{°'}}\text{ = 589}\text{.5 kJ/mol}$

${\text{Ca}}^{+}{}_{\text{(g)}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{2+}}{\text{ + e}}^{\text{-}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{°''}}\text{ = 589}\text{.5 kJ/mol}$

The fourth step of Born-Haber cycle is ionization of gaseous $Cl$ into gaseous $C{l}^{-}$ ions.

$2\left(C{l}_{(g)}+e^{-}\stackrel{}{\to }C{l}_{(g)}^{-}\right)\Delta H_4^{°}=2\left(-349kJ/mol\right)$

The fifth and final step of Born-Haber cycle is formation of solid $CaC{l}_2$ as a result of binding gaseous $C{a}^{2+}$ and $C{l}^{-}$ ions together by electrostatic force of attraction.

${\text{Ca}}^{2+}{}_{\text{(g)}}{\text{+ 2Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}^{-}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ CaCl}}_{2(s)}$

${\text{ΔH}}_5^{\text{°}}$ is the enthalpy change for the above reaction and it is equivalent to the lattice energy of $NaCl.$  It is calculated by Hess’s law as follows,

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{Ca}}_{\text{(s)}}\stackrel{}{\to }\cancel{{\text{Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{°}}\text{ = 121 kJ/mol}\\ \cancel{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}{}_{\text{(g)}}}\stackrel{}{\to }\cancel{{\text{2Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{°}}\text{ = 242}\text{.8 kJ/mol}\\ \cancel{{\text{Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{+}}\text{ + }\cancel{{\text{e}}^{\text{-}}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{°'}}\text{ = 589}\text{.5 kJ/mol}\\ \cancel{{\text{Ca}}^{+}{}_{\text{(g)}}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ Ca}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{2+}}\text{ + }\cancel{{\text{e}}^{\text{-}}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{°''}}\text{ = 1145 kJ/mol}\\ 2\left(\cancel{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}}\text{ + }{\cancel{\text{e}}}^{\text{-}}\stackrel{}{\to }\cancel{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{-}}}\right){\text{ΔH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{°}}\text{ = 2}\left(\text{-349 kJ/mol}\right)\\ \cancel{{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}{}_{\text{(g)}}}\text{ + }\cancel{{\text{2Cl}}_{\text{(g)}}^{\text{-}}}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ CaCl}}_{\text{2(s)}}{\text{ΔH}}_{\text{5}}^{\text{°}}\text{ = ?}\\ \text{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}\\ C{a}_{(s)}\text{+}{\text{Cl}}_{2(g)}\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{ CaCl}}_{2(s)}{\text{ΔH}}_{overall}^{°}\text{ = -795 kJ/mol}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}latticeenergyof\text{C}aC{l}_2,\Delta H_5^{°}=\Delta H_{overall}^{°}-\Delta H_1^{°}-\Delta H_2^{°}-\Delta H_3^{°}-\Delta H_4^{°}\\ =\left(-795-121-242.8-589.5-1145+698\right)kJ/mol\\ =-2195kJ/mol\end{array}$

$\text{2195 kJ/mol}$ of energy is released (negative sign) when one mole of $CaC{l}_2$ is formed.  It also means $\text{2195 kJ/mol}$ of energy is required to break bond between $C{a}^{2+}$ and $C{l}^{-}$ ion in one mole of $CaC{l}_2$.