
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The resonance structure of
Concept Introduction: Sometimes the
In some molecules, there is possibility of more than one Lewis structure where all the structures are equally acceptable. One of the acceptable Lewis structures of these molecules is called resonance structure.
All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real.
Any of the possible structure does not exist as such like a stable real molecule. So it is not possible to isolate one resonance structure.
These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.
Structure with greater number of covalent bonds are more stable comparing to that with lower number of covalent bonds.
Structure which does not involve charge separation is more stable when comparing with structure having positive and negative charge separation.
While drawing resonance structure of a molecule some rules should be followed where the position, over whole charge and chemical framework remains intact. Also only π and nonbonding electron has been moved in all the three resonance structures
Formal charge:
A formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electronegativity by thinking that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally among atoms.
This method is used to identify the most probable Lewis structures if more than one possibility exists for a compound.
The Lewis structure with formal charge on each of the atoms close to zero is taken as the most plausible structure.
Formal charge of an atom can be determined by the given formula.
(a)

Answer to Problem 9.49QP
Resonance structure:
Formal charges:
Explanation of Solution
Determine the resonance structure for
In the case of chlorate ion, the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. The chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons forming 2 possible resonance structures. Both the resonance structures are similar.In all the 2 resonance structures the position, over whole charge and chemical framework remains intact.
Structure of the chlorate ion chlorate ion is given below.
The formal charge of the given compound is calculated,
- Hydrogen atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Carbon atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- First oxygen atom having double bond with carbon
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Oxygen atom which having single bond with carbon
Substituting these values to the equation,
(b)
Interpretation: The resonance structure of
Concept Introduction: Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance.
In some molecules, there is possibility of more than one Lewis structure where all the structures are equally acceptable. One of the acceptable Lewis structures of these molecules is called resonance structure.
All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real.
Any of the possible structure does not exist as such like a stable real molecule. So it is not possible to isolate one resonance structure.
These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.
Structure with greater number of covalent bonds are more stable comparing to that with lower number of covalent bonds.
Structure which does not involve charge separation is more stable when comparing with structure having positive and negative charge separation.
While drawing resonance structure of a molecule some rules should be followed where the position, over whole charge and chemical framework remains intact. Also only π and nonbonding electron has been moved in all the three resonance structures
Formal charge:
A formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electronegativity by thinking that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally among atoms.
This method is used to identify the most probable Lewis structures if more than one possibility exists for a compound.
The Lewis structure with formal charge on each of the atoms close to zero is taken as the most plausible structure.
Formal charge of an atom can be determined by the given formula.
(b)

Answer to Problem 9.49QP
Resonance structure:
Formal charges:
Explanation of Solution
Resonance structure of
In the case of chlorate ion, the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. The chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons forming 2 possible resonance structures. Both the resonance structures are similar. In all the 2 resonance structures the position, over whole charge and chemical framework remains intact.
Structure of the chlorate ion chlorate ion is given below.
The formal charge of the given compound is calculated,
- First hydrogen atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Second hydrogen atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Carbon atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Nitrogen atom
Substituting these values to the equation,
- First oxygen atom having double bond with nitrogen
Substituting these values to the equation,
- Oxygen atom which having single bond with nitrogen
Substituting these values to the equation,
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 9 Solutions
EBK GENERAL CHEMISTRY: THE ESSENTIAL CO
- For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forwardIdentifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forward
- Assign R or S to all the chiral centers in each compound drawn below porat bg 9 Br Brarrow_forwarddescrive the energy levels of an atom and howan electron moces between themarrow_forwardRank each set of substituents using the Cahn-Ingold-Perlog sequence rules (priority) by numbering the highest priority substituent 1.arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY





