Chapter 9, Problem 1P

Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column

a. Oligonucleotide	1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function
b. vector	2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
c. stick ends	3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations
d. recombinant DNA	4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
e. syntenic block	5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence
f. genomic library	6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species
g. genomic equivalent	7. contains genetic material from two different organisms
h. cDNA	8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
i. gene family	9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
j. hybridization	10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine
k. alternative RNA splicing	11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase
l. protein domain	12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oligonucleotide” among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sughar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases. They are of four types A, T, G and C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

oligonucleotide: a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine.

Explanation of Solution

Oligonucleotides are small stretches of the nucleotides that are synthesized as primers or other tools of recombinant DNA technology to identify a target sequence in the genome of an organism.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “vector” among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters. They also act like vectors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Vector: a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying DNA fragment

Explanation of Solution

Vectors are tools of recombinant DNA technology that utilizes plasmid to carry the gene of interest from donor organism to the recipient organism and help it to attach itself to the genome of the recipient thus, integrating the gene of interest.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sticky ends”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil. The sticky ends form complementary pairing with these bases in DNA.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sticky ends: short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

Explanation of Solution

Sticky ends are the overhangs of single stranded DNA molecule that have complementary gene sequence to each other and easily bind to the recipient DNA molecule without the help of enzymes ligase.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “recombinant DNA”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Recombinant DNA: contains genetic material from two different materials

Explanation of Solution

Recombinant DNA technology is a branch of science that studies the interaction of the genetic material and forms a DNA that contains the gene(s) of other organsism or even a part of different organism’s genome.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syntenic block”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The chromosomes are condensed structures that are formed during the early phases of cell division from the loose network of chromatin thread and then regain their original structure after being divided into daughter cells.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syntenic block: chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

Explanation of Solution

Syntenic block is the region inside the chromosome that contains the genes in the same order as they are present in the chromosome of a different organism belonging to a different species.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “genomic library”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Genome is a haploid content of the organism. It consists of the genes that encode protein for the organism.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Genomic library: a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector.

Explanation of Solution

Genomic library is the complete collection of the small oligonucleotides or fragments of the DNA obtained from a species and then inserted into a vector to study and use the fragment in different types of recombinant studies.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “genomic equivalent”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. DNA is a double stranded molecule that contains the gens which regulates all the functioning of the body.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Genomic equivalent: the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organisms

Explanation of Solution

Genomic equivalent is the total number of the DNA fragments that are present in the sufficient number that when attached in the entire length gives the genome of an organism from which they are derived.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cDNA”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand. The complementary DNA is formed from RNA which is demonstrated in viruses.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

cDNA: DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase.

Explanation of Solution

cDNA or complementary DNA is the stretch of nucleotides that is formed after the mRNA is used a template to synthesize DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase. The enzyme is present in viruses that form DNA strand on RNA template.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene family”among the options given below:

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The genes are the sequence of nucleotides that are present on the chromosomes and encode for a specific protein that plays a crucial role in the functioning of the different processes in an organism. The gene is located at specific gene loci and can be structural or regulatory in nature.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene family: set of genes related by process of duplication and divergence

Explanation of Solution

Gene family consists of the sets of genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene but have been separated into different functions or different species as a result of duplication and divergence.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hybridization”among the options given below.

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other. Hybridization helps in recombinant DNA which is followed by denaturartion of DNA.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hybridization: stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

Explanation of Solution

Hybridization is the process in which the DNA is denatured into single stranded molecules and allows the binding of these single stranded molecules on a nitrocellulose membrane and is attached to a probe that is extensively used in recombinant technology.

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “alternative RNA splicing”among the options given below.

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand. Replication is followed by splicing which is a post transcriptional modification.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Alternative splicing: the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

Explanation of Solution

Alternative splicing is the method of removal of the introns or the non-coding sequences from the mRNA transcript as post-transcriptional modification. The splicing only leads to the joining of exons to produce mature RNA.

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “protein domain” among the options given below.

1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

2. a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector

3. the joining together of exons in a gene in different combinations

4. stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

5. set of genes related by processes of duplication and divergence

6. chromosomal region with the same genes in the same order in two different species

7. contains genetic material from two different organisms

8. the number of DNA fragments that are sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

9. short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

10. a short DNA fragments that can be synthesized by a machine

11. DNA copied from RNA by reverse transcriptase

12. A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The proteins are made of amino acids. The amino acids are of 20 types that combine in a varied manner to form proteins. The amino acids join together by peptide bonds. Proteins act as major substrates and reactants for the metabolic pathways. All the enzymes in the body that are crucial for the biochemical reactions are proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Protein domain: a discrete part of a protein that provides a unit of function

Explanation of Solution

A protein domain is the proteins residues that are encoded by the gene. The proteins play very important role in the function of the genes. These protein domains are the functional unit of the mature quaternary protein.