Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reason for chalk having higher melting point than motor oil and water has to be justified.
Concept introduction:
- Matter exists in three distinct physical forms – solid, liquid and gas. There are two types of interactions present in matter – intramolecular meaning, “within the molecule” and intermolecular meaning “between the molecules”.
- Intramolecular force refers to the type of bonding that holds the atoms or ions together to form a stable molecule. Intermolecular force refers to the type of interaction that exists between the so formed molecules by bonding.
- The physical properties of a substance such as boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, etc., of a substance depend on the type and strength of the intermolecular force exists in it. Higher the strength of these forces, higher will be the melting and boiling point. The classification is summarized as follows –
Figure 1
Intramolecular forces are nothing but the type of bonding between them. Ionic compounds have electrostatic force of attraction, called “ionic bond” the strongest one. Atoms having high electronegativity difference with each other forms ionic bond. An atom having slight electronegativity difference with other atom forms covalent bonds. They are of two types, that is polar and non-polar depend upon the polarity of the atoms. Metallic bond is formed between the metal atoms.
Figure 2
Intermolecular forces are Van der Waals forces. They are weak and are of categories - London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is relatively the strongest one. It is formed in polar covalent compounds containing hydrogen and other high electronegativity like fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen. These atoms in a molecule partially bond to hydrogen of the other same molecule or within a molecule.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 9 Solutions
EBK CHEMISTRY: AN ATOMS FIRST APPROACH
- The normal boiling point of SO2 is 263.1 K and that of NH3 is 239.7 K. At −40 °C, would you predict that ammonia has a vapor pressure greater than, less than, or equal to that of sulfur dioxide? Explain.arrow_forwardSilicon carbide, SiC, is a very hard, high-melting solid. What kind of crystal forces account for these properties?arrow_forward8.45 Describe how interactions between molecules affect the vapor pressure of a liquid.arrow_forward
- 8.41 What is the specific feature of N, O, and F that causes them to play a role in hydrogen bonding?arrow_forwardWhat are intermolecular forces? How do they differ from intramolecular forces? What are dipole-dipole forces? How do typical dipole-dipole forces differ from hydrogen bonding interactions? In what ways are they similar? What are London dispersion forces? How do typical London dispersion forces differ from dipole-dipole forces? In what ways are they similar? Describe the relationship between molecular size and strength of London dispersion forces. Place the major types of intermolecular forces in order of increasing strength. Is there some overlap? That is, can the strongest London dispersion forces be greater than some dipole-dipole forces? Give an example of such an instance.arrow_forward8.48 Why must the vapor pressure of a substance be measured only after dynamic equilibrium is established?arrow_forward
- On the basis of the description given, classify each of the following solids as molecular, metallic, ionic, or covalent network. Explain your answers. a a lustrous, yellow solid that conducts electricity b a hard, black solid melting at 2350C to give a nonconducting liquid c a nonconducting, pink solid melting at 650C to give an electrically conducting liquid d red crystals having a characteristic odor and melting at 171Carrow_forwardWhy does water form a concave lens in a test tube, whereas mercury forms a convex lens.arrow_forwardBefore the phenomenon of surface tension was understood,physicists described the surface of water as being covered with a“skin.” What causes this skin like phenomenon?arrow_forward
- Why is the boiling point of water so much higher than that of the other hydrogen compounds of group VI of the Periodic Table?arrow_forwardWhy does the vapor pressure of a liquid increases as temperature increases? a) The average kinetic energy of molecules is greater; thus more molecules can enter the gaseous state. b) The number of gas molecules above the liquid remains constant but they have greater average kinetic energy. c) The faster moving molecules in the liquid exert a greater pressure. d) The intermolecular forces between the molecules becomes less at higher temperatures.arrow_forward1. In solid I2, is the distance between the two iodine nuclei of one I2 molecule longeror shorter than the distance between two iodine nuclei of two adjacent I2 molecules?Explain, centering intermolecular forces in your answer. Note:( Be specific: what bond exists between two iodine atoms in an iodine molecule? What specific IMF (London or dipole-dipole) is most important between two iodine atoms in two different iodine molecules? Which one is weaker, and thus leads to the greater internuclear distance?)arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage LearningWorld of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning