Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The two resonance structures of
Concept introduction:
For many molecules, it is impossible to explain all their properties by a single Lewis structure. In such a case, more than one Lewis structure is drawn to explain the properties. Such structures of a compound are called resonating structures, and this phenomenon is called resonance.
Resonating structure are represented by double headed arrow.
Resonance structure differs only in the position of their electrons, not in the positions of their atoms.
Resonance structures are hypothetical and cannot be isolated.
The rules for drawing the resonance structures are as follows:
Only lone pair of electrons and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.
The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.
The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.
The octet of all atoms is completely filled.
Due to the attraction toward electrons, the ions and molecules get some charge on them, which is called formal charge.
The formal charge is given by:
Formal charge = Total number of valence electrons in a free atom –total number of associated electrons.
The octet rule states that every element in the main group should have eight electrons in its valence shell in order for it to attain the noble gas configuration.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
EBK CHEMISTRY
- Write all resonance structures of chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, a molecule with the same cyclic structure as benzene. In all structures, keep the CCl bond as a single bond. Which resonance structures are the most important?arrow_forwardThe electrostatic potential surface for SOCl2 is pictured here. (a) Draw a Lewis electron dot picture for the molecule, and give the formal charge of each atom. (b) What is the molecular geometry of SOCl2? Is it polar?arrow_forwardWrite all possible resonance structures for the following species. Assign a formal charge to each atom. In each case, which resonance structure is the most important? (a) NO2 (nitrogen is central) (b) ClCNarrow_forward
- Write the correct Lewis structure and assign a formal charge to each atom in fulminate ion, CNO.arrow_forwardFor each of the following, use formal charges to choose the Lewis formula that gives the best description of the electron distribution: a ClO2F b SO2 c ClO3arrow_forwardIn which of the following molecules does the sulfur have an expanded octet? For those that do, write the Lewis structure. (a) SO2 (b) SF4 (c) SO2Cl2 (d) SF6arrow_forward
- Write Lewis structures for these ions. Show all valence electrons and all formal charges. (a) Amide ion, NH2 (b) Bicarbonate ion, HCO3 (c) Carbonate ion, CO32 (d) Nitrate ion, NO3 (e) Formate ion, HCOO (f) Acetate ion, CH3COOarrow_forwardA complete Lewis structure must show all nonzero formal charges. Complete each of thefollowing Lewis structures by adding any missing formal charges.arrow_forwardIodine forms a series of fluorides (listed here). Write Lewis structures for each of the four compounds and determine the formal charge of the iodine atom in each molecule: (a) IF (b) IF3 (c) IF5 (d) IF7arrow_forward
- Draw resonance structures for each of these ions: NSO− and SNO−. (The atoms are bonded in the order given in each case, that is, S is the central atom in NSO−.) Use formal charges to determine which ion is likely to be more stable. Explain why the two ions cannot be considered resonance structures of each other.arrow_forwardA common trait of simple organic compounds is to have Lewis structures where all atoms have a formal charge of zero. Consider the following incomplete Lewis structure for an organic compound called methyl cyanoacrylate, the main ingredient in Super Glue. Draw a complete Lewis structure for methyl cyanoacrylate in which all atoms have a formal charge of zero.arrow_forwardBond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStax
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning