Chapter 8, Problem 8CT

Summary Introduction

To answer:

Prevention of protein synthesis by mutated gene through recombinant DNA technology.

Introduction:

In translation, mRNA is converted into amino acid sequences, resulting in protein synthesis. Three important components are involved in translation are m-RNA, t-RNA, and the ribosome. Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The mRNA sequence encoded by the genetic material is translated into a specific protein. The t-RNA binds to free amino acids and transfer them to the ribosome and the amino acids are added to the growing chain of the protein sequence. The ribosome reads mRNA and synthesizes protein based on codons present in the mRNA sequence. The ribosome binds to the anticodon of particular t-RNA according to m-RNA sequence and assembles amino acids corresponding to m-RNA codons. Three nucleotides of m-RNA sequence code for a single amino acid of the protein sequence is known as a codon. The twenty amino acids are represented by a different pattern of four nitrogenous bases is called as the genetic code. Sixty four (64) codons (different pattern of three nucleotides) encode 20 amino acids. Protein synthesis occurs in three steps which are initiation, elongation, and termination. AUG is the start codon, which initiates protein synthesis from m-RNA sequence, whereas, UAG, UGA, and UAA are stop codons which terminate protein synthesis.