Concept explainers
Hershey–Chase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virus–bacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured.
FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage.
“Infected bacteria” refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender.
Do these results imply that viruses inject DNA or protein into bacteria? Why or why not?
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- Give detailed explanation Solution (don't give Handwritten answerarrow_forwardWhat observation led Hershey and Chase to the conclusion that DNA, not the protein coat, carried the genetic information needed to make new virus or phage particles? Select one: a. The cell membrane of the bacteria infected with a virus tagged with radioactive phosphorus exhibited radioactivity after it’s initial cell division. b. Bacterial cells infected with viruses tagged with radioactive phosphorus were radioactive, indicating viral DNA entered the host cell. c. The cell was vigorously shaken, causing the protein coats to detach from the cell membrane of the bacteria. The protein coats contain genetic information. d. Bacterial cells infected with viruses tagged with radioactive sulfur were radioactive, indicating viral protein entered the host cell.arrow_forwardThe following image is of an agarose gel. If DNA samples were loaded to this gel and the electrophoresis experiment was started, explain what would happen and why.arrow_forward
- How do you answer these two questions?arrow_forwardTRY TO KEEP IN SHORT AND USE OWN WORD FOR THIS QUESTION You are studying a type of bacteria isolated from the acidic water runoff of a mining operation. You subject two batches of the same bacteria type to different environmental growth conditions. One batch is grown at pH 2, while the other is grown at pH 7. All other environmental parameters are kept identical between the two batches. You then collect their proteins and run a Western blot using an antibody that binds to a proton efflux pump protein (which actively expends energy to pump protons out of a cell). How would you characterize the information obtained in this experiment? What does it tell you, and why is that potentially valuable information?arrow_forwarddid i identify sample a correctly? or is it actually none?arrow_forward
- Transcribed Image Text:Complete the following tasks. You discovered that a species of bacteria can break down StyrofoamT (polystyrene) products due to an enzyme it produces, polystyrenase. You wish to study the gene that codes for this enzyme. Task 1: DNA Extraction To begin work on the bacterium, you begin by extracting its genomic DNA (GDNA). What is the purpose of the following procedures? Answer briefly but completely. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate, a detergent Answer: а. b. Adding RNase A and Proteinase K during extraction Answer: c. Adding ethanol before recovering the DNA extract С. Answer: Task 2: Polymerase Chain Reaction After purifying the gDNA extract, you want to isolate and amplify the polystyrenase gene. You perform PCR using the appropriate gene-targeted primers. What is the purpose of the following PCR components? Answer briefly but completely. DNA polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus Answer: а. b. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (DNTPS) Answer: С. Forward and…arrow_forwardProcedure: 1. Using the DNA provided transcribe DNA into mRNA. 2. Use the mRNA strand you created and break it up into codons. 3. Plug the codons into the amino acid chart to determine the correct amino acid needed to build that protein. 4. Identify the protein you made by comparing the sequence to the pictures 5. Answer the questions for each protein molecule you build before moving on to the next. Protein 1: DNA A AGACCGTATAC mRNA Amino Acid Sequence 1. Which kind of protein molecule did this gene make? 2 How does this protein help the body maintain homeostasis2arrow_forwardRow C D. B B. one: A C O phage with radiolabelled protein coat phage with radiolabelled DNA 100 10. phage infects The experiment shown above was designed by bacterium phage infects bacterium EXPERIMENT 1 phage shell is removed EXPERIMENT 2 요 Hershey & Hershey & Chase Meselson & Stahl Meselson & Stahl 8 phage shell is removed 28 no radioactivity in cells ii 48 radioactivity in cells LL and proved that ii DNA replication is semiconservative DNA is the hereditary material DNA replication is semiconservative DNA is the hereditary material (select the row that correctly completes the statement)arrow_forward
- Clinical application: A 44-year-old man with HIV is receiving antibiotics through a intravenous catheter. The antibiotics are to help treat a kidney infection. The patient develops a fever. Subsequent cultures from the patient's blood, the needle tip, and from the insertion site all show growth of an organism with large oval-shaped cells. The cells reproduce by budding. (a) What is your guess about the identity of the pathogen? (b) How do you think the antibiotics may have contributed to this outcome? (c) What do you think the portal of entry was for this pathogen?arrow_forwardwhat are the volume dilution and dilution factor for bacteriophage A,B,Carrow_forwardWhich plate could represent the results of the transformation experiment positive control plated on LB if the transformation procedure was too harsh on the bacterial cells? Refer to the letters on top of the image. Ignore the letters at the bottom. B A O A OB O none of the choices are correctarrow_forward
- Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning