Concept explainers
Videos
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by oxygen when it combines with a metal to form a compound needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
When a non-metal combines with a metal to form a compound, the non-metal gains one or more electron(s) while the metal loses one or more electron(s). The non-metal accepts electron(s) in order to satisfy the octet configuration. The octet configuration of an atom refers to the tendency of the main group elements (metals and non-metals) to have eight electrons in the outermost or valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as that of a noble gas.
(a)
Answer to Problem 49A
Oxygen will gain two electrons when it combines with a metal to form a compound.
Explanation of Solution
Oxygen occurs in group 16 of the periodic table and has six electrons in its valence shell. Therefore, oxygen needs two electrons in order to have a complete octet. These two electrons are gained from a metal when oxygen combines with the metal to form a compound.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by fluorine must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Fluorine is a main group element and therefore, must satisfy the octet rule.
(b)
Answer to Problem 49A
Fluorine gains one electron when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Fluorine occurs in the halogen group (group 17) of the periodic table and is one electron short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Therefore, fluorine accepts one electron when it combines with a metal to form a fluoride salt.
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by nitrogen must be determined.
Concept Introduction:Nitrogen is a main group element and forms compounds in accordance with the octet rule.
(c)
Answer to Problem 49A
Nitrogen gains three electrons when it combines with a metal to form a compound.
Explanation of Solution
Nitrogen has 5 electrons in the valence shell and must acquire three electrons in order to have a complete octet. These three electrons are gained from a metal when nitrogen forms a nitride salt with the metals.
(d)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by chlorine must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Chlorine is a main group element and therefore, must satisfy the octet rule.
(d)
Answer to Problem 49A
Chlorine gains one electron when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Chlorine occurs in the halogen group (group 17) of the periodic table and is one electron short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Therefore, chlorine accepts one electron when it combines with a metal to form a chloride salt.
(e)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by sulfur must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
As in the other cases above, sulfur is a main group element and therefore, conforms to the octet rule.
(e)
Answer to Problem 49A
Sulfur gains two electrons when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Sulfur is a group 16 element and has 6 electrons in its valence shell. Thus, sulfur is two electrons short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Sulfur accepts two electrons from a metal when it forms a sulfide in order to satisfy the noble gas configuration.
Chapter 8 Solutions
World of Chemistry
- The heat of combustion for ethane, C2H6C2H6 , is 47.8 kJ/g. How much heat is produced if 1.65 moles of ethane undergo complete combustion?arrow_forwardReview of this week's reaction: H2NCN (cyanamide) + CH3NHCH2COOH (sarcosine) + NaCl, NH4OH, H2O ----> H2NC(=NH)N(CH3)CH2COOH (creatine) Q7. Draw by hand the reaction of creatine synthesis listed above using line structures without showing the Cs and some of the Hs, but include the lone pairs of electrons wherever they apply. (4 pts) Q8. Considering the Zwitterion form of an amino acid, draw the Zwitterion form of Creatine. (2 pts) Q9. Explain with drawing why the C—N bond shown in creatine structure below can or cannot rotate. (3 pts)arrow_forwardWould the following organic synthesis occur in one step? Add any missing products, required catalysts, inorganic reagents, and other important conditions. Please include a detailed explanation and drawings showing how the reaction may occur in one step.arrow_forward
- Please help me answer a. Please and thank you I advance.arrow_forwardDraw both of the chair flips for both the cis and trans isomers for the following compounds: 1,4-diethylcyclohexane 1-methyl-3-secbutylcyclohexanearrow_forwardPpplllleeeaaasssseeee hellppp wiithhh thisss physical chemistryyyyy I talked like this because AI is very annoyingarrow_forward
- For this question, if the product is racemic, input both enantiomers in the same Marvin editor. A) Input the number that corresponds to the reagent which when added to (E)-but-2-ene will result in a racemic product. Input 1 for Cl, in the cold and dark Input 2 for Oy followed by H₂O, Zn Input 3 for D₂ with metal catalyst Input 4 for H₂ with metal catalyst B) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product made from the reagent in part A Marvin JS Help Edit drawing C) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product formed when (2)-but-2-ene is treated with peroxyacetic acid. Marvin 35 Helparrow_forwardMichael Reactions 19.52 Draw the products from the following Michael addition reactions. 1. H&C CH (a) i 2. H₂O* (b) OEt (c) EtO H₂NEt (d) ΕΙΟ + 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O' H H 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O*arrow_forwardRank the labeled protons (Ha-Hd) in order of increasing acidity, starting with the least acidic. НОН НЬ OHd Онсarrow_forward
- Can the target compound at right be efficiently synthesized in good yield from the unsubstituted benzene at left? ? starting material target If so, draw a synthesis below. If no synthesis using reagents ALEKS recognizes is possible, check the box under the drawing area. Be sure you follow the standard ALEKS rules for submitting syntheses. + More... Note for advanced students: you may assume that you are using a large excess of benzene as your starting material. C :0 T Add/Remove step Garrow_forwardThe following equations represent the formation of compound MX. What is the AH for the electron affinity of X (g)? X₂ (g) → 2X (g) M (s) → M (g) M (g) M (g) + e- AH = 60 kJ/mol AH = 22 kJ/mol X (g) + e-X (g) M* (g) +X (g) → MX (s) AH = 118 kJ/mol AH = ? AH = -190 kJ/mol AH = -100 kJ/mol a) -80 kJ b) -30 kJ c) -20 kJ d) 20 kJ e) 156 kJarrow_forwardA covalent bond is the result of the a) b) c) d) e) overlap of two half-filled s orbitals overlap of a half-filled s orbital and a half-filled p orbital overlap of two half-filled p orbitals along their axes parallel overlap of two half-filled parallel p orbitals all of the abovearrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY