Concept explainers
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(a)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by oxygen when it combines with a metal to form a compound needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
When a non-metal combines with a metal to form a compound, the non-metal gains one or more electron(s) while the metal loses one or more electron(s). The non-metal accepts electron(s) in order to satisfy the octet configuration. The octet configuration of an atom refers to the tendency of the main group elements (metals and non-metals) to have eight electrons in the outermost or valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as that of a noble gas.
(a)
Answer to Problem 49A
Oxygen will gain two electrons when it combines with a metal to form a compound.
Explanation of Solution
Oxygen occurs in group 16 of the periodic table and has six electrons in its valence shell. Therefore, oxygen needs two electrons in order to have a complete octet. These two electrons are gained from a metal when oxygen combines with the metal to form a compound.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by fluorine must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Fluorine is a main group element and therefore, must satisfy the octet rule.
(b)
Answer to Problem 49A
Fluorine gains one electron when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Fluorine occurs in the halogen group (group 17) of the periodic table and is one electron short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Therefore, fluorine accepts one electron when it combines with a metal to form a fluoride salt.
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by nitrogen must be determined.
Concept Introduction:Nitrogen is a main group element and forms compounds in accordance with the octet rule.
(c)
Answer to Problem 49A
Nitrogen gains three electrons when it combines with a metal to form a compound.
Explanation of Solution
Nitrogen has 5 electrons in the valence shell and must acquire three electrons in order to have a complete octet. These three electrons are gained from a metal when nitrogen forms a nitride salt with the metals.
(d)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by chlorine must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Chlorine is a main group element and therefore, must satisfy the octet rule.
(d)
Answer to Problem 49A
Chlorine gains one electron when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Chlorine occurs in the halogen group (group 17) of the periodic table and is one electron short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Therefore, chlorine accepts one electron when it combines with a metal to form a chloride salt.
(e)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons gained by sulfur must be determined.
Concept Introduction:
As in the other cases above, sulfur is a main group element and therefore, conforms to the octet rule.
(e)
Answer to Problem 49A
Sulfur gains two electrons when it combines with a metal.
Explanation of Solution
Sulfur is a group 16 element and has 6 electrons in its valence shell. Thus, sulfur is two electrons short of the nearest noble gas configuration. Sulfur accepts two electrons from a metal when it forms a sulfide in order to satisfy the noble gas configuration.
Chapter 8 Solutions
World of Chemistry
- 8. Draw all the resonance forms for each of the following molecules or ions, and indicate the major contributor in each case, or if they are equivalent. (4.5 pts) (a) PH2 سمةarrow_forward3. Assign absolute configuration (Rors) to each chirality center. a. H Nitz C. он b. 0 H-C. C H 7 C. ་-4 917-417 refs H 1つ ८ ડુ d. Но f. -2- 01 Ho -OH 2HNarrow_forwardHow many signals do you expect in the H NMR spectrum for this molecule? Br Br Write the answer below. Also, in each of the drawing areas below is a copy of the molecule, with Hs shown. In each copy, one of the H atoms is colored red. Highlight in red all other H atoms that would contribute to the same signal as the H already highlighted red. Note for advanced students: In this question, any multiplet is counted as one signal. Number of signals in the 'H NMR spectrum. For the molecule in the top drawing area, highlight in red any other H atoms that will contribute to the same signal as the H atom already highlighted red. If no other H atoms will contribute, check the box at right. No additional Hs to color in top molecule For the molecule in the bottom drawing area, highlight in red any other H atoms that will contribute to the same signal as the H atom already highlighted red. If no other H atoms will contribute, check the box at right. No additional Hs to color in bottom moleculearrow_forward
- In the drawing area below, draw the major products of this organic reaction: 1. NaOH ? 2. CH3Br If there are no major products, because nothing much will happen to the reactant under these reaction conditions, check the box under the drawing area instead. No reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. ☐ : A คarrow_forwardPredict the major products of the following organic reaction: NC Δ ? Some important Notes: • Draw the major product, or products, of the reaction in the drawing area below. • If there aren't any products, because no reaction will take place, check the box below the drawing area instead. • Be sure to draw bonds carefully to show important geometric relationships between substituents. Note: if your answer contains a complicated ring structure, you must use one of the molecular fragment stamps (available in the menu at right) to enter the ring structure. You can add any substituents using the pencil tool in the usual way. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Х аarrow_forwardPredict the major products of this organic reaction. Be sure you use dash and wedge bonds to show stereochemistry where it's important. + ☑ OH 1. TsCl, py .... 文 P 2. t-BuO K Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- Consider this organic reaction: ( Draw the major products of the reaction in the drawing area below. If there won't be any major products, because this reaction won't happen at a significant rate, check the box under the drawing area instead. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Х : а ค 1arrow_forwardIn the drawing area below, draw the major products of this organic reaction: If there are no major products, because nothing much will happen to the reactant under these reaction conditions, check the box under the drawing area instead. 1. NaH 2. CH3Br ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. No reaction. : ☐ Narrow_forward+ Predict the major product of the following reaction. : ☐ + ☑ ค OH H₂SO4 Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- Consider this organic reaction: ... OH CI Draw the major products of the reaction in the drawing area below. If there won't be any major products, because this reaction won't happen at a significant rate, check the box under the drawing area instead. ☐ No Reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. : аarrow_forwardConsider the following reactants: Br Would elimination take place at a significant rate between these reactants? Note for advanced students: by significant, we mean that the rate of elimination would be greater than the rate of competing substitution reactions. yes O no If you said elimination would take place, draw the major products in the upper drawing area. If you said elimination would take place, also draw the complete mechanism for one of the major products in the lower drawing area. If there is more than one major product, you may draw the mechanism that leads to any of them. Major Products:arrow_forwardDraw one product of an elimination reaction between the molecules below. Note: There may be several correct answers. You only need to draw one of them. You do not need to draw any of the side products of the reaction. OH + ! : ☐ + Х Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
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