Chemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133611097
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 22Q
In general the higher the charge on the ions in an ionic compound, the more favorable the lattice energy. Why do some stable ionic compounds have +1 charged ions even though +4, + 5, and +6 charged ions would have a more favorable lattice energy?
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry
Ch. 8 - Distinguish between the terms electronegativity...Ch. 8 - When an element forms an anion, what happens to...Ch. 8 - Define the term lattice energy. Why,...Ch. 8 - Explain how bond energies can be used to estimate...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Explain the terms resonance and delocalized...Ch. 8 - Define formal charge and explain how to calculate...Ch. 8 - Give two requirements that should be satisfied for...Ch. 8 - Consider the following compounds: CO2, SO2, KrF2,...Ch. 8 - Explain the electronegativity trends across a row...
Ch. 8 - The ionic compound AB is formed. The charges on...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3ALQCh. 8 - The bond energy for a CH bond is about 413 kJ/mol...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5ALQCh. 8 - Which has the greater bond lengths: NO2 or NO3?...Ch. 8 - The following ions are best described with...Ch. 8 - The second electron affinity values for both...Ch. 8 - What is meant by a chemical bond? Why do atoms...Ch. 8 - Why are some bonds ionic and some covalent?Ch. 8 - How does a bond between Na and Cl differ from a...Ch. 8 - Arrange the following molecules from most to least...Ch. 8 - Does a Lewis structure tell which electron come...Ch. 8 - Describe the type of bonding that exists in die...Ch. 8 - Some plant fertilizer compounds are (NH4)2SO4,...Ch. 8 - Some of the important properties of ionic...Ch. 8 - What is the electronegativity trend? 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Show all...Ch. 8 - Prob. 90ECh. 8 - Benzene (C6H6) consists of a six-membered ring of...Ch. 8 - Borazine (B3N3H6) has often been called inorganic...Ch. 8 - An important observation supporting the concept of...Ch. 8 - Consider the following bond lengths: CO143pmC9O123...Ch. 8 - A toxic cloud covered Bhopal, India, in December...Ch. 8 - Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is present in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 99ECh. 8 - Use formal charge arguments to explain why CO has...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures for the species in Exercise...Ch. 8 - Oxidation of the cyanide ion produces the stable...Ch. 8 - When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 106ECh. 8 - Prob. 108ECh. 8 - Predict the molecular structure and bond angles...Ch. 8 - Predict die molecular structure and bond angles...Ch. 8 - There are several molecular structures based on...Ch. 8 - Two variations of the octahedral geometry (see...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Prob. 117ECh. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 120 have net...Ch. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 121 have net...Ch. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 122 have net...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures and predict the molecular...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures and predict whether each of...Ch. 8 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 8 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 125ECh. 8 - Two different compounds have the formula XeF2Cl2....Ch. 8 - Arrange the following in order of increasing...Ch. 8 - For each of the following, write an equation that...Ch. 8 - Use bond energies (table 3-3), values of electron...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures for CO32, HCO3, and H2CO3....Ch. 8 - Which member of the following pairs would you...Ch. 8 - What do each of the following sets of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 133AECh. 8 - Although both Br3 and I3 ions are known, the F3...Ch. 8 - Which of the following molecules have not dipole...Ch. 8 - Prob. 137AECh. 8 - Look up the energies for the bonds in CO and N2....Ch. 8 - Classify the bonding in each of the following...Ch. 8 - List the bonds PCl, PF, OF, and SiF from least...Ch. 8 - Arrange the atoms and/or ions in the following...Ch. 8 - Use the following data to estimate E for the...Ch. 8 - Use bond energy values to estimate E for the...Ch. 8 - Which of the following compounds or ions exhibit...Ch. 8 - The formulas of several chemical substances are...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure, bond angles, and...Ch. 8 - Use Coulombs Jaw, V=Q1Q240r=2.311019Jnm(Q1Q2r) to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 148CPCh. 8 - Calculate the standard heat of formation of the...Ch. 8 - Given the following information: Energy of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 151CPCh. 8 - Think of forming an ionic compound as three steps...Ch. 8 - The compound NF3 is quite stable, but NCl3, is...Ch. 8 - Three processes that have been used for the...Ch. 8 - The compound hexaazaisowurtzitane is one of the...Ch. 8 - Many times extra stability is characteristic of a...Ch. 8 - The study of carbon-containing compounds and their...Ch. 8 - Draw a Lewis structure for the N,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 159CPCh. 8 - Consider the following computer-generated model of...Ch. 8 - A compound, XF5, is 42.81% fluorine by mass....Ch. 8 - Identify the following elements based on their...
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- Write all resonance structures of chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, a molecule with the same cyclic structure as benzene. In all structures, keep the CCl bond as a single bond. Which resonance structures are the most important?arrow_forwardWhat main factors control the magnitude of lattice energies? Give a specific example of a compound that should have a high lattice energy, and explain why its lattice energy is high.arrow_forwardBond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forward
- Arrange the following series of compounds in order of increasing lattice energies. (a) NaBr, NaCl, KBr (b) MgO, CaO, CaCl2 (c) LiF, BeF2, BeOarrow_forwardCompare your answers from parts a and b of Exercise 69 of Chapter 3 with H values calculated for each reaction using standard enthalpies of formation in Appendix 4. Do enthalpy changes calculated from bond energies give a reasonable estimate of the actual values?arrow_forwardUsing the bond energies in Table 7.2, determine the approximate enthalpy change for each of the following reactions: (a) Cl2(g)+3F2(g)2ClF3(g) (b) H2C=CH2(g)+H2(g)H3CCH3(g) (c) 2C2H6(g)+7O2(g)4CO2(g)+6H2O(g) .arrow_forward
- we would predict that the imaginary ionic compound XF would have a (higher /lower) lattice energy than YyF2 becausearrow_forward5. Consider the following information: 1st ionization energy of Na(g) = 495.8 kJ/mol Bond dissociation energy of O2(g) = 498.4 kJ/mol 1st electron affinity of O(g)=-142.5 kJ/mol 2nd electron affinity of O¹(g) = 844 kJ/mol Lattice energy of Na2O(s) = -2608 kJ/mol Enthalpy of formation of Na2O(s) = -416 kJ/mol a Draw the Born-Haber cycle for Na₂O(s). b Calculate the unknown. 120 C Draw the Lewis symbol for Na₂O.arrow_forwardWhich of the following ionic compounds has the largest lattice energy; that is, which has the lattice energy most favorable to a stable lattice? LiF Lil CsF MgO Cslarrow_forward
- The lattice energy of LiF is 1023 kJ/mol, and the Li–F distance is 201 pm. MgO crystallizes in the same structure as LiF but with a Mg–O distance of 205 pm. Which of the following values most closely approximates the lattice energy of MgO: 256 kJ/mol, 512 kJ/mol, 1023 kJ/mol, 2046 kJ/mol, or 4008 kJ/mol? Explain your choice.arrow_forwardThe lattice energy of NaCl is 769 kJ/mole. Which of the following is a correct statement about NaCl? When one mole each of gaseous Nat and CI- ions form solid NaCl, 769 kJ of heat is consumed. It requires 769 kJ to separate one mole of solid NaCl into one mole of each gaseous Na* and CI- ions. It requires 769 kJ to separate one mole of solid NaCl into gaseous one mole of Na* and two moles of CI- ions.arrow_forwardUse the following data to estimate Δ Hf° for barium chloride. Ba (s) + Cl2 (g) ⟶ BaCl2 (s) Lattice energy = -2056 kJ/mol First ionization energy of Ba = 503 kJ/mol Second ionization energy of Ba = 965 kJ/mol Electron affinity of Cl = -349 kJ/mol Bond energy of Cl2 = 239 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation of Ba = 178 kJ/molarrow_forward
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