Chapter 7.7, Problem 24PTS

 (a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction mechanism for the given set of reactions should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favors ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

 (b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction mechanism for the given set of reactions should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favors ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction mechanism for the given set of reactions should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favors ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

 (d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction mechanism for the given set of reactions should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favors ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond