Chapter 7, Problem 76IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism for the given reaction should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The stability of carbocation is as the following order,

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes the molecule more stable.

IR spectral studies: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques, used to determine the functional group present in the sample of given compound.

NMR Spectroscopy: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques that determine the properties of atoms and molecules of a given compound by using nuclear magnetic resonance.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: When nuclei of given compound sample is subjected to magnetic field, the nuclei absorb and emit the radiation with respect to strength of the field applied.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reactivity for the products formed under given cases are should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The stability of carbocation is as the following order,

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes the molecule more stable.

IR spectral studies: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques, used to determine the functional group present in the sample of given compound.

NMR Spectroscopy: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques that determine the properties of atoms and molecules of a given compound by using nuclear magnetic resonance.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: When nuclei of given compound sample is subjected to magnetic field, the nuclei absorb and emit the radiation with respect to strength of the field applied.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The IR spectral studies for the products formed under given cases are should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The stability of carbocation is as the following order,

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes the molecule more stable.

IR spectral studies: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques, used to determine the functional group present in the sample of given compound.

NMR Spectroscopy: It is one of the spectroscopic techniques that determine the properties of atoms and molecules of a given compound by using nuclear magnetic resonance.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: When nuclei of given compound sample is subjected to magnetic field, the nuclei absorb and emit the radiation with respect to strength of the field applied.