![Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399074/9781337399074_largeCoverImage.gif)
Concept explainers
Slater’s rules are a way to estimate the effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron. In this approach, the “shielding constant,” S, is calculated. The effective nuclear charge is then the difference between S and the
Z* = Z ‒ S
The shielding constant, S, is calculated using the following rules:
- (1) The electrons of an atom are grouped as follows: (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d), and so on.
- (2) Electrons in higher groups (to the right) do not shield those in the lower groups.
- (3) For ns and np valence electrons
- a) Electrons in the same ns, np group contribute 0.35 (for 1s 0.30 works better).
- b) Electrons in n ‒ 1 groups contribute 0.85.
- c) Electrons in n ‒ 2 groups (and lower) contribute 1.00.
- (4) For nd and nf electrons, electrons in the same nd or nf group contribute 0.35, and those in groups to the left contribute 1.00.
As an example, let us calculate Z* for the outermost electron of oxygen:
S = (2 × 0.85) + (5 × 0.35) = 3.45
Z* = 8 ‒ 3.45 = 4.55
Here is a calculation for a d electron in Ni:
Z* = 28 ‒ [18 × 1.00] ‒ [7 × 0.35] = 7.55
and for an s electron in Ni:
Z* = 28 ‒ [10 × 1.00] ‒ [16 × 0.85] ‒ [1 × 0.35] = 4.05
(Here 3s, 3p, and 3d electrons are in the (n ‒ 1) groups.)
- a) Calculate Z* for F and Ne. Relate the Z* values for O, F, and Ne to their relative atomic radii and ionization energies.
- b) Calculate Z* for one of the 3d electrons of Mn, and compare this with Z* for one of the 4s electrons of the element. Do the Z* values give us some insight into the ionization of Mn to give the cation?
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
![Blurred answer](/static/blurred-answer.jpg)
Chapter 7 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- The electron configuration of the isotope 16O is 1s22s22p4. What is the electron configuration of the isotope 18O?arrow_forwardHow does Daltons atomic theory account for the Law of Conservation of Mass?arrow_forward2.84 Early attempts to arrange the elements often focused on atomic weight. Mendeleev considered a number of properties in addition to atomic weight, so he realized that some elements seemed out of place when ordered by atomic weight. Using the modern periodic table, identify elements for which Mendeleev must have had to switch the order in order to get the correct sequence of elements.arrow_forward
- 2.42 What is a period in the periodic table? From what does it derive its name?arrow_forwardAre mathematical expressions for the following potential energies positive or negative? Explain why in each case. a The attraction between an electron and a helium nucleus b The repulsion between two protons in a nucleus c The attraction between a north and a south magnetic pole d The force of gravity between the Sun and Earth e A rock perched on the edge of a cliff with respect to the base of the cliffarrow_forwardHow many unpaired electrons are there 111 the following ions? (a) V3+(b) Sn4+(c) I-(d) W4+arrow_forward
- Write one possible set of quantum numbers for the valence electrons of calcium.arrow_forwardhat questions were left unanswered by Rutherford’s experiments?arrow_forwardExplain the operation of a cathode-ray tube. Describe the deflection of cathode rays by electrically charged plates placed within the cathode-ray tube. What does this imply about cathode rays?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysical ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781133958437Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, TomasPublisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285199047/9781285199047_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337398909/9781337398909_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781133949640/9781133949640_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399074/9781337399074_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781133958437/9781133958437_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781133109655/9781133109655_smallCoverImage.jpg)