Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of outer-shell electrons needed for a noble-gas electron configuration is to be determinedif an otbital can have maximum of 3 electrons.
Concept introduction:
The long form of periodic table is based on the valence shell electronic configuration of elements. It consists of 18 vertical columns which are called as groups and 7 horizontal rows which are called a period. The electronic configuration of the element depends on the
It can be written by following certain rules such as Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Pauli Exclusion Principle state that no two electrons can have all the four same quantum numbers. Hence each orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spin.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons shared in the covalent bondneeds to be determined, if an otbital can have maximum of 3 electrons.
Concept introduction:
The long form of periodic table is based on the valence shell electronic configuration of elements. It consists of 18 vertical columns which are called groups and 7 horizontal rows which are called a period. The electronic configuration of the element depends on the atomic number of element.
It can be written by following certain rules such as Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Pauli Exclusion Principle state that no two electrons can have all the four same quantum numbers. Hence, each orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spin.
(c)
Interpretation:
The electronic configuration needs to be determined. Also, the electron dot structure of element with atomic number 12 needs to be determined, if an otbital can have maximum of 3 electrons.
Concept introduction:
The long form of periodic table is based on the valence shell electronic configuration of elements. It consists of 18 vertical columns which are called as groups and 7 horizontal rows which are called as period. The electronic configuration of element depends on the atomic number of element.
It can be written by following certain rules such as Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, and Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Pauli Exclusion Principle state that no two electrons can have all the four same quantum numbers. Hence each orbital can accommodate maximum 2 electrons with opposite spin.
(d)
Interpretation:
The electron dot structure of X2 molecule needs to be determined, if an otbital can have maximum of 3 electrons.
Concept introduction:
The long form of periodic table is based on the valence shell electronic configuration of elements. It consists of 18 vertical columns which are called as groups and 7 horizontal rows which are called as period. The electronic configuration of element depends on the atomic number of element.
It can be written by following certain rules such as Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, and Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Pauli Exclusion Principle state that no two electrons can have all the four same quantum numbers. Hence each orbital can accommodate maximum 2 electrons with opposite spin.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 7 Solutions
LCPO CHEMISTRY W/MODIFIED MASTERING
- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardWithout actually drawing the Lewis structure, determine how many valence electrons are available for covalent bonding in each of the following molecules. a. SiH4 b. NCl3 c. H2S d. Cl2Oarrow_forwardIn which of the following molecules does the sulfur have an expanded octet? For those that do, write the Lewis structure. (a) SO2 (b) SF4 (c) SO2Cl2 (d) SF6arrow_forward
- Answer the questions in the table below about the shape of the phosphorus hexachlorate (PCI) anion. How many electron groups are around the central phosphorus atom? Note: one "electron group" means one lone pair, one single bond, one double bond, or one triple bond. What phrase best describes the arrangement of these electron groups around the central phosphorus atom? (You may need to use the scrollbar to see all the choices.) 0 ✓ (choose one) linear bent T-shaped trigonal planar trigonal pyramidal square planar square pyramidal tetrahedral sawhorse trigonal bipyramidal octahedralarrow_forwardAnswer the questions in the table below about the shape of the phosphorus trifluoride (PF3) molecule. How many electron groups are around the central phosphorus atom? Note: one "electron group" means one lone pair, one single bond, one double bond, or one triple bond. What phrase best describes the arrangement of these electron groups around the central phosphorus atom? (You may need to use the scrollbar to see all the choices.) (choose one) X Śarrow_forwardWrite the full electron configuration for neutral calcium, indicate which electrons would be lost when calcium becomes an ion, Ca2+. Write the noble gas (abbreviated) electron configuration for this calcium ion. Discuss in your group why calcium would likely not form a +3 ion.arrow_forward
- Carbon naturally occurs in two forms: diamond and graphite. Why do these two forms have very different properties? The key difference is that diamonds have other elements bonded within their structure. The differences are explained by the number of covalent and ionic bonds within each substance. The differences are explained by the density: graphite is very high and diamond is much lower. The differences are explained by how the carbon atoms within each substance are covalently bonded together.arrow_forwardWhat are the group numbers and the generic outer electron configurations for a neutral atom with the given Lewis symbols? Select the group number. Select the generic outer electron configuration. O 1A (1) O 2A (2) O ns np' Ons np О ЗА (13) O 4A (14) O ns np O ns np O 5A (15) Ο 6Α (16) ns np O ns np O 7A (17) O 8A (18)arrow_forwardWhich of the following pairs of atoms would produce a polar covalent bond? The following reference item may be helpful to you in determining the correct answer but should not be necessary: H 2.1 2323232-27559 228954585558 1.0 1.5 Be Na Mg 1.2 Cs Ce 1.1 Ba La 0.9 1.1 Ra Ac 0.7 0.7 1.1 Ca Sc Ti V 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 Sr Y 1.0 1.2 Electronegativity values of the elements (Pauling scale) B с 2.0 2.5 Al Si P 1.5 1.8 2.1 Cr Mn Fe 1.6 1.5 1.8 Zr Nb Mo 1.4 1.6 1.8 Tc Ru 1.9 2.2 Hf Ta W Re 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 Th Pa U Np 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb 1.1 1.1 1.1 Os 2.2 carbon (C) and carbon (C) carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) carbon (C) and fluorine (F) carbon (C) and silicon (Si) 8962-2 Co 1.8 Rh 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Pu Am Cm Bk 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Ni Cu Zn 1.8 ZORNEN 2 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 1.1 1.1 1.1 Cf Es Fm 1.3 Ga Ge As 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1525 Md No 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 N 3.0 Lu 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 UN 1.1 1.2 0 Lr 3.5 S 2.5 Se Te Bi Po 2.0…arrow_forward
- Using the following data, calculate the lattice energy of calcium chloride: Ca2+(g) + 2Cl– (g) → CaCl2(s) ΔHlattice = ? Sublimation enthalpy of calcium ΔH = 177.8 kJ/mol First ionization energy of calcium ΔH = 590.2 kJ/mol Second ionization energy of calcium ΔH = 1144.2 kJ/mol First electron affinity of chlorine ΔH = –349 kJ/mol Heat of formation of CaCl2(s) ΔH = –795.4 kJ/mol Bond energy of Cl2 (see Table 2) Use Hess’s law to calculate the lattice energy of calcium chloride. set-up must show all the chemical equations and you must show how their H values add up to give your answer.arrow_forwardDraw one BEST Lewis structure for the generic molecule XY4Z. Don't worry about resonance structures. Include all formal charges. Element X is the least electronegative. EN values: X = 3.0, Y = 3.5, Z = 4.0. For neutral atoms, element X has 8 valence electrons and element Y has 7, and Z has 6. The highest occupied principal energy level of the central atom is greater than 2. Is the measured/approximate bond angle(s) equal to, less than, or greater than the angle predicted by VSEPR theory? Briefly explain why (in ~1 sentence). Draw the best wedge-dash structure and add dipole moments (if applicable). If there is a net dipole moment, draw it. If not, write “nonpolar."arrow_forwardThe table below includes the bond enthalpy (the energy required to separate the diatomic molecule into its atoms) and the bond length for each diatomic molecule. Diatomic Molecule Bond Enthalpy (kJ/mol) Bond Length (pm) Cl2 243 199 O2 498 121 N2 945 110 Identify the observed trend between bond enthalpy and number of shared electrons: as the number of electrons shared between two atoms increases, the bond enthalpy ( increases / decreases / remains unchanged ). Identify the observed trend between bond length and number of shared electrons: as the number of electrons shared between two atoms increases, the bond length ( increases / decreases / remains unchanged ).arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning