The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained. Concept Introduction: ▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules. ▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active. ▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry. ▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive. ▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers. ▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light ▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light. ▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center. ▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority. ▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass , then, it is assigned according to first point of difference. ▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer. ▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( R ) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( S ) . ▸ E − Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers). ▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond. ▸ In alkenes , if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration. ▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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Chapter 7, Problem 52P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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