Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781118743164
Author: Jacquelyn G. Black, Laura J. Black
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 7, Problem 16SQ
Summary Introduction
Introduction: A mutation can be defined as a stable modification in DNA. Mutations can be caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sunlight and chemicals that are carcinogenic. UV radiation is non-ionizing radiation.
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TRUE OR FALSE
a) The electron rich nature and aromaticity of the nucleobases mediates their absorbance of UV light.
b) Methylated and modified bases are commonly found in tRNA and rRNA.
a) What dipeptide is produced from the following segment of DNA: AGAGAT? (b) What happens to the dipeptide when a point mutation occurs and the DNA segment contains the sequence ATAGAT instead?
A DNA sequence can be represented as a string of the letters ACTG (short for
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine).
(a) How many DNA sequences are exactly 35 letters long?
...
4^35
(b) Given a DNA sequence of length 35, how many one-letter mutations are possible?
...
105
...
(c) Given a DNA sequence of length 35, how many two-letter mutations are possible?
...
...
...
Chapter 7 Solutions
Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
Ch. 7 - Compare and contrast chromosomes in prokaryotes...Ch. 7 - DNA is not always the gemetic material. What are...Ch. 7 - How could mutations give rise to new alleles of a...Ch. 7 - How does trandlation differ from transcription?Ch. 7 - Distinguish between leading and lagging strands.Ch. 7 - What do 5 and 3 refer to? How do they determine...Ch. 7 - Contrast the three kinds of RNA. Does DNA make all...Ch. 7 - What feeds back in feedback inhibition? What does...Ch. 7 - What is the inducer for the lac operon?Ch. 7 - Compare enzyme induction and enzyme repression.
Ch. 7 - If you had be exposed to a mutagen,would you...Ch. 7 - How can a change in geneotype fail to produce a...Ch. 7 - Why are nitrates and nitrites, which have been...Ch. 7 - Cathy develops a painful cluster of blister-like...Ch. 7 - Prokaryotes usually have just one chromosome and...Ch. 7 - During the early stages of development of the...Ch. 7 - Suppose you are a medical technician working in a...Ch. 7 - Match the following terms with their descriptions:Ch. 7 - Prob. 2SQCh. 7 - Prob. 3SQCh. 7 - Match the following terms with their respective...Ch. 7 - From the DNA template sequence 3-ATGCAGTAG-5, what...Ch. 7 - What type of RNA carries and transfers amino acids...Ch. 7 - What type of RNA carries the genetic information...Ch. 7 - Which of the following statements does not...Ch. 7 - Prob. 9SQCh. 7 - For the lac operon, match the following:Ch. 7 - Prob. 11SQCh. 7 - A frameshift mutation occurs following the: (a)...Ch. 7 - Prob. 13SQCh. 7 - Which of the following schemes for molecular...Ch. 7 - Suppose a point mutation occurred in the third...Ch. 7 - Prob. 16SQCh. 7 - (a) Why are bacteria useful in the study of...Ch. 7 - DNA damage in the form of dimers induced by UV...Ch. 7 - Prob. 19SQCh. 7 - Name and describe the effects of the following...
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- Which of the following types of enzymes is primarily responsible for setting up the genetic code? 1.) Kinases 2.) DNA ligase 3.) DNA gyrase 4.) peptidyl transferase 5.) aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (charging enzymes)arrow_forwardYou are working with a newly discovered mutagen, and you wish to determine the base change that it introduces into DNA. Thus far, you have determined that the mutagen chemically alters a single base in such a way that its base-pairing properties are altered permanently. To determine the specificity of the alteration, you examine the amino acid changes that take place after mutagenesis. A sample of what you find is shown here:Original: Gln–His–Ile–Glu–LysMutant: Gln–His–Met–Glu–LysOriginal: Ala–Val–Asn–ArgMutant: Ala–Val–Ser–ArgOriginal: Arg–Ser–LeuMutant: Arg–Ser–Leu–Trp–Lys–Thr–Phearrow_forwardWhat are the three possible outcomes of point mutations?arrow_forward
- if you have the following sequence of DNA 5' ATTGCGGAGCCTCGAT 3' do the following:arrow_forwardA temperature-sensitive mutation is one in which the defect is not presented functionally until the temperature is raised. In the case described below, the enzymes function normally in bacteria at 37 °C, but are non-functional at 40 °C. Predict the detailed molecular consequences of a loss of function in a temperature-sensitive mutant for each of the following enzymes: a) DNA gyrase, b) DNA polymerase III, c) DNA ligase, d) DNA polymerase I.arrow_forwardWhich statement is TRUE regarding the DNA ligase mechanism? A)the last step of the reaction proceeds through a tetrahedral intermediate B)ATP is an obligate donor of an adenylyl group in the reaction of the bacterial enzyme C)The high energy of a phosphoanhydride bond is conserved in the reaction D)The phosphate of the AMP product is linked to the 3'-OH of the ribose E)ATP is required as an energy source to overcome the transition state barrierarrow_forward
- Consider a three-base sequence in the template of DNA: 5' . . . 123 . . .3', in which 1, 2, and 3 refer to the relative positions of deoxyribonucleotides.Comment on the probable effect on the resulting protein if the following point mutations (one-base substitutions) occurred.(a) changing one purine for another in position 1(b) changing one pyrimidine for another in position 2(c) changing a purine to a pyrimidine in position 2(d) changing one purine for another in position 3arrow_forward1) Which statement below explains the trick in sanger sequencing that produces fluorescently labeled fragments at every length within a fragment? a) When synthesizing a copy of the DNA to be sequenced, a high concentration of fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are used along with a low concentration of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) to produce the chain termination events at every location in the sequence. b) When synthesizing a copy of the DNA to be sequenced, fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are used instead of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) to produce the chain termination events at every location in the sequence. c) When synthesizing a copy of the DNA to be sequenced, a low concentration of fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are used along with a high concentration of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) to produce the chain termination events at every location in the sequence. d) When synthesizing a copy of the DNA to be sequenced, fluorescently labeled…arrow_forwardSilent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects on phenotype. In not more than 2 pages (using 1.5 line space of Arial or Times New Roman fonts) provide answers for the following questions? 1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? 2) What is the codon usage bias? 3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect on the phenotype andprovide a brief description of its molecular characteristics? (Explain in details)arrow_forward
- Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects on phenotype. In not more than 2 pages (using 1.5 line space of Arial or Times New Roman fonts) provide answers for the following questions? 1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? 2) What is the codon usage bias? 3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect on the phenotype andprovide a brief description of its molecular characteristics?arrow_forwardLet’s say that you want to find out the difference in nucleotide sequence among two DNA strands, one of which is isolated from the liver of a liver cancer patient and the other one is isolated from the liver of a healthy individual. How you can do that, please explain in detailsarrow_forwardYou are working with a newly discovered mutagen, andyou wish to determine the base change that it introduces into DNA. Thus far, you have determined that themutagen chemically alters a single base in such a waythat its base-pairing properties are altered permanently.To determine the specificity of the alteration, you examine the amino acid changes that take place after mutagenesis. A sample of what you find is shown here:Original: Gln–His–Ile–Glu–LysMutant: Gln–His–Met–Glu–LysOriginal: Ala–Val–Asn–ArgMutant: Ala–Val–Ser–ArgOriginal: Arg–Ser–LeuMutant: Arg–Ser–Leu–Trp–Lys–Thr–PheWhat is the base-change specificity of the mutagen?arrow_forward
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