(a) Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C − H a bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

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Answer 1

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

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Consider the molecule nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2. a. Draw a full Lewis structure of nitrobenzene, showing ALL formal charges and lone pairs. b. In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, is nitrobenzene an ortho/para director, or a meta director? Use a resonance form to explain why.

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Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 12

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 6 - Problem 6.1 Classify each transformation as...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.2P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.3 By taking into account...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.4 Use curved arrows to show the movement...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.5 Follow the curved arrows and draw the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.6P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.7 Use the values in Table 6.2 to...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.8P Ch. 6 - aWhich Keq corresponds to a negative value of G,...Ch. 6 - Given each of the following values, is the...

Solution Summary: The author explains the formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical due to the heterolysis process. Resonance hybrid is the intermediate form of all resonating structures.

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