Chapter 6, Problem 46P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result from the below reaction should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via a single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as a concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

A general ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction mechanistic pathway is illustrated as follows:

  

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

In general, the weak conjugate bases that are derived from strong acids are also good leaving groups. The table for leaving groups on the basis of the strength of bases is as follows:

  

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The potential organic product that could result from the below reaction should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via a single -step mechanism. Thus it is well known as a concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

In general, the weak conjugate bases that are derived from strong acids are also good leaving groups. The table for leaving groups on the basis of the strength of bases is as follows:

  

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The potential organic product that could result from the below reaction should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via a single -step mechanism. Thus it is well known as a concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could resultfrom the belowreaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result from the belowreaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via a single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result frombelow reaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as a concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result frombelow reaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction: Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result frombelow reaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction:Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result from below reaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction:Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential organic product that could result from below reaction should be identified and no reaction should be indicated if no product is possible.

  

Concept introduction:Bimolecular substitution or ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ proceeds via the single-step mechanism. Thus it is well known as the concerted mechanism. Nucleophile approaches carbon while the leaving group still departs from the rear side (opposite to leaving group). The transition state only illustrates the geometric orientation of the substrates and reagents as they pass through the maxima in the single-step mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactions are facile when the leaving group is good, the nucleophile is sufficiently reactive and alkyl halide is a primary alkyl halide.

Leaving-group ability is determined by the capacity of leaving the group to accommodate the negative charge as it is displaced from the alkyl halide. Among halogens, the iodides are best-leaving groups followed by bromide chloride and fluoride. Besides halides, some sulphonates and sulphate that can easily delocalize the negative charge can also behave as good leaving group. These include tosylate, mesylate and triflate.