For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column. a. transformation 1. The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication b. bacteriophage 2. The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA c. pyrimidine 3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring d. deoxyribose 4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together e. hydrogen bonds 5. Meselson and Stahl experiment f. complementary bases 6. Griffith experiment g. origin 7. Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes h. Okazaki fragments 8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds i. purine 9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring j. topoisomerases 10. a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins k. semiconservative replication 11. a virus that infects bacteria l. lagging strand 12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands m. telomeres 13. Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. transformation	1. The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication
b. bacteriophage	2. The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA
c. pyrimidine	3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring
d. deoxyribose	4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together
e. hydrogen bonds	5. Meselson and Stahl experiment
f. complementary bases	6. Griffith experiment
g. origin	7. Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
h. Okazaki fragments	8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds
i. purine	9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring
j. topoisomerases	10. a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins
k. semiconservative replication	11. a virus that infects bacteria
l. lagging strand	12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands
m. telomeres	13. Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. transformation	1. The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication
b. bacteriophage	2. The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA
c. pyrimidine	3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring
d. deoxyribose	4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together
e. hydrogen bonds	5. Meselson and Stahl experiment
f. complementary bases	6. Griffith experiment
g. origin	7. Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
h. Okazaki fragments	8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds
i. purine	9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring
j. topoisomerases	10. a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins
k. semiconservative replication	11. a virus that infects bacteria
l. lagging strand	12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands
m. telomeres	13. Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. transformation	1. The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication
b. bacteriophage	2. The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA
c. pyrimidine	3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring
d. deoxyribose	4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together
e. hydrogen bonds	5. Meselson and Stahl experiment
f. complementary bases	6. Griffith experiment
g. origin	7. Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
h. Okazaki fragments	8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds
i. purine	9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring
j. topoisomerases	10. a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins
k. semiconservative replication	11. a virus that infects bacteria
l. lagging strand	12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands
m. telomeres	13. Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. transformation	1. The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication
b. bacteriophage	2. The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA
c. pyrimidine	3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring
d. deoxyribose	4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together
e. hydrogen bonds	5. Meselson and Stahl experiment
f. complementary bases	6. Griffith experiment
g. origin	7. Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
h. Okazaki fragments	8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds
i. purine	9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring
j. topoisomerases	10. a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins
k. semiconservative replication	11. a virus that infects bacteria
l. lagging strand	12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands
m. telomeres	13. Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

transformation is one of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another. It occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is called a transformant.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: Griffith experiment

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Griffith experiment shows that the transformation is the process of alteration of cellular genetics. This can be done by the incorporation of the exogenous material into the genetic makeup of an organism.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “bacteriophage” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. They are known as bacteria-eaters.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. This virus is made up of nucleic acid molecule which is surrounded by a protein layer called capsid.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pyrimidine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

pyrimidines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base containing a single ring

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of two nitrogen and four carbons. It is a single ring structure. It catalyzes site-specific recombination.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “deoxyribose” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Deoxyribose is a molecule similar to ribose, except that the 2′ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Deoxyribose: The sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. This sugar is derived from ribose sugar by loss of oxygen molecule.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hydrogen bonds” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that result in a partial sharing of hydrogen atoms between reacting groups.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hydrogen bonds: Noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond that occur between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom. These bonds are responsible for holding the strands of DNA double helix together.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementary bases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Complementarity is the property of DNA whereby the base sequences of the two strands in the double helix are reverse complements of one another; A is opposite T, and G is opposite C.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementary bases: Two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

The complementary bases are the two base pairs that are connected with the help of hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “origin” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

The model of DNA replication was proposed by the scientists Watson and Crick. Unwinding of the double helix enables each of the two parental strands to function as a template for the synthesis of a new strand by the mechanism of complementary base pairing. As a result a single double helix is converted into two identical daughter double helixes

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Origin: A short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

Origin is a sequence of bases from where the DNA double helix unwinds. It is the point from where process of replication is initiated.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “okazaki fragments” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication. They are small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Okazaki fragments: Short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands.

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

Okazaki fragments are the short stretch of DNA fragments which are formed by the discontinuous replication of one DNA strand.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “purine” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Purines are a chemical group that includes the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Purine: A nitrogenous base containing a double ring

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogenous bases that contains double ring are purines. Adenine and guanine are the two types of purines present in double stranded DNA molecule.

Answer 71

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Answer 72

Expert Solution

Answer 73

Expert Solution

Answer 74

Expert Solution

Answer 75

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “topoisomerases” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that assist relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one or both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to each other.

Answer 76

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Topoisomerases: Enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Answer 77

Explanation of Solution

Topoisomerases are the group of enzymes which are involved in the over winding or under winding of the DNA. It controls the super coiling of double stranded DNA molecule.

Answer 78

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Answer 79

Expert Solution

Answer 80

Expert Solution

Answer 81

Expert Solution

Answer 82

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “semiconservative replication” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

semiconservative replication is a mechanism of DNA replication in which each single strand of the parent double helix functions as template for synthesis of its complement. As a result two daughter double helixes that each contain one of the original DNA strands intact (conserved) and one completely new strand is produced.

Answer 83

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Semiconservative replication: Meselson and Stahl experiment

Answer 84

Explanation of Solution

Meselson and Stahl experiment describe the semi conservative replication in which both the daughter strands have a copy of parent strand.

Answer 85

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Answer 86

Expert Solution

Answer 87

Expert Solution

Answer 88

Expert Solution

Answer 89

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lagging strand” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

During replication, the DNA strand replicated discontinuously, 5′ to 3′ away from the Y-shaped replication fork, as small Okazaki fragments that are ultimately joined into a continuous strand.

Answer 90

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lagging strand: The strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

Answer 91

Explanation of Solution

Lagging strand is the type of strand that is synthesized discontinuously. It consist of short DNA fragments that are synthesized during the process of DNA replication.

Answer 92

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Telomeres: Structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Telomeres are the structures which are present at the end of the chromosome. These are the cap like structures that protect the chromosome.

Answer 93

Expert Solution

Answer 94

Expert Solution

Answer 95

Expert Solution

Answer 96

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “telomeres” among the options given below.

1. the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during replication

2. the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA

3. a nitrogenous base containing a double ring

4. noncovalent bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together

5. Meselson and Stahl experiment

6. Griffith experiment

7. structures at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

8. two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds

9. a nitrogenous base containing a single ring

10. a short sequence of bases w here unw inding of the double helix for replication begins

11. a virus that infects bacteria

12. short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands

13. enzymes involved in controlling DNA supercoiling

Introduction:

Telomeres are specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the regulation and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome.