Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259709227
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor, Heidi Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 5.6, Problem 15AYP
Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease.
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The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions.
1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction?
2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe:
a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why?
b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for?
3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale.
4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale.
Mutation 1
Mutation 2
There is currently a H5N1 cattle outbreak in North America.
According to the CDC on Feb 26*: "A multistate outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) bird flu in dairy cows was first reported on March 25, 2024. This is the first time that these bird flu viruses had been found in cows. In the United States, since 2022, USDA has reported HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in more than 200 mammals."
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Mechanisms 1:
Mechanisms 2:
For the mutations to results in a human epidered they would need to change how the virus interacts with the human host. In the case of mutations that may promote an epidemic, provide an example for:
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You have a bacterial strain with the CMU operon:
a) As shown in the image below, the cmu operon encodes a peptide (Pep1), as well as a
kinase and regulator corresponding to a two-component system. The cmu operon is
activated when Pep 1 is added to the growth media.
Pep1 is a peptide that when added extracellularly leads to activation of the Cmu operon.
Pep1 cmu-kinase cmu-regulator
You also have these genetic components in other strains:
b) An alternative sigma factor, with a promoter activated by the cmu-regulator, that control a
series of multiple operons that together encode a transformasome (cellular machinery
for transformation).
c) the gene cl (a repressor).
d) the promoter X, which includes a cl binding site (and in the absence of cl is active).
e) the gene gp (encoding a green fluorescence protein).
Using the cmu operon as a starting point, and assuming you can perform cloning to rearrange
any of these genomic features, how would you use one or more of these to modify the…
Chapter 5 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 5.1 - Explain what it means when viruses are described...Ch. 5.1 - Identify better terms for viruses than alive or...Ch. 5.1 - Which statements are accurate regarding properties...Ch. 5.2 - Prob. 3AYPCh. 5.2 - Describe the function and structure(s) of viral...Ch. 5.2 - Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses.Ch. 5.2 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 5.2 - Diagram the possible nucleic acid configurations...Ch. 5.2 - Medical Moment Q. Antibiotics targeting bacteria...Ch. 5.3 - Diagram the five-step life cycle of animal...
Ch. 5.3 - Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one...Ch. 5.3 - Discuss both persistent and transforming...Ch. 5.3 - Provide thorough descriptions of both lysogenic...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 2NPCh. 5.3 - Prob. 3NPCh. 5.4 - List the three principal purposes of cultivating...Ch. 5.4 - Describe three ways in which viruses are...Ch. 5.4 - Prob. 4NPCh. 5.5 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 5.5 - Prob. 2MMCh. 5.5 - Prob. 5NPCh. 5.6 - Analyze the relative importance of viruses in...Ch. 5.6 - Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs...Ch. 5 - ___% of human DNA is thought to consist of viral...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2QCh. 5 - Construct a scenario in which viral latency and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 4QCh. 5 - If viruses that normally form envelopes were...Ch. 5 - Viruses use the host cell cytoplasmic space as...Ch. 5 - The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle...Ch. 5 - Compare and contrast the processes of latency and...Ch. 5 - Pathogenic bacteria lysogenized by phages can...Ch. 5 - When phage nucleic acid is incorporated into the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 11QCh. 5 - Prob. 12QCh. 5 - Prob. 13QCh. 5 - Prob. 14QCh. 5 - Prob. 15QCh. 5 - Prob. 16QCh. 5 - Prob. 17QCh. 5 - Construct an argument for whether humans or...Ch. 5 - Since 2000, the number of orders of viruses...Ch. 5 - Prob. 20QCh. 5 - Prob. 21QCh. 5 - Prob. 1VC
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- You have identified a new species of a Gram-positive bacteria. You would like to screen their genome for all proteins that are covalently linked to the cell wall. You have annotated the genome, so that you identified all the promoters, operons, and genes sequences within the operons. Using these features, what would you screen for to identify a set of candidates for proteins covalently linked to the bacterial cell wall.arrow_forwardBelow is a diagram from a genomic locus of a bacterial genome. Each arrow represents a coding region, and the arrowheads indicate its orientation in the genome. The numbers are randomly assigned. Draw the following features on the diagram, and explain your rationale for each feature: 10 12 合會會會會長 6 a) Expected transcriptions, based on known properties of bacterial genes and operons. How many proteins are encoded in each of the transcripts? b) Location of promoters (include rationale) c) Location of transcriptional terminators (include rationale) d) Locations of Shine-Dalgarno sequences (include rationale)arrow_forwardSample excuse letter in school class for the reasons of headaches and dysmenorrhea caused by menstrual cyclearrow_forward
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- In this activity you will research performance enhancers that affect the endocrine system or nervous system. You will submit a 1 page paper on one performance enhancer of your choice. Be sure to include: the specific reason for use the alleged results on improving performance how it works how it affect homeostasis and improves performance any side-effects of this substancearrow_forwardNeurons and Reflexes 1. Describe the function of the: a) dendrite b) axon c) cell body d) myelin sheath e) nodes of Ranvier f) Schwann cells g) motor neuron, interneuron and sensory neuron 2. List some simple reflexes. Explain why babies are born with simple reflexes. What are they and why are they necessary. 3. Explain why you only feel pain after a few seconds when you touch something very hot but you have already pulled your hand away. 4. What part of the brain receives sensory information? What part of the brain directs you to move your hand away? 5. In your own words describe how the axon fires.arrow_forwardMutations Here is your template DNA strand: CTT TTA TAG TAG ATA CCA CAA AGG 1. Write out the complementary mRNA that matches the DNA above. 2. Write the anticodons and the amino acid sequence. 3. Change the nucleotide in position #15 to C. 4. What type of mutation is this? 5. Repeat steps 1 & 2. 6. How has this change affected the amino acid sequence? 7. Now remove nucleotides 13 through 15. 8. Repeat steps 1 & 2. 9. What type of mutation is this? 0. Do all mutations result in a change in the amino acid sequence? 1. Are all mutations considered bad? 2. The above sequence codes for a genetic disorder called cystic fibrosis (CF). 3. When A is changed to G in position #15, the person does not have CF. When T is changed to C in position #14, the person has the disorder. How could this have originated?arrow_forward
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