Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134093413
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 54.2, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To determine: How would biomass of grass change if the community organization models, bottom-up model and top-down model are applied.
Concept introduction:
Two community organization models are common: the bottom-up model and the top-down model.
The bottom-up model depicts a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels in which presence or absence of mineral nutrients controls the plant numbers which in turn controls the herbivore. Herbivore finally controls the predator numbers. Top-down model says that the community organization depends mainly upon the interactions which finally results in predation.
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Q1: What percentage of the original 10,000 Kilocalories is available to a shark that might eat the tuna in this figure? Q2: What trophic level and term would describe a predator of tuna? Q3: Give an example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial environment.
A given ecosystem has the following amounts of energy available at each trophic level: Primary
producers: 4,000 gC/m2/day; Primary consumers: 480 gC/m2/day; Secondary consumers: 72
gC/m2/day; Tertiary consumers: 24 gC/m2/day.
Does this ecosystem follow Lindeman's Law for ecological efficiency?
No, the average efficiency is 20%
O Yes, the average efficiency is 10%
O No, the average efficiency is 10%
O Yes, the average efficiency is 20%
Give
Chapter 54 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Ch. 54.1 - Explain how competition, predation, and mutualism...Ch. 54.1 - According to the principle of competitive...Ch. 54.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Figure 24.14 illustrates how a...Ch. 54.2 - What two components contribute to species...Ch. 54.2 - How is a food chain different from a food web?Ch. 54.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 54.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Rising atmospheric CO2, levels...Ch. 54.3 - Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually...Ch. 54.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.3 - WHAT IF? Most prairies experience regular fires,...
Ch. 54.4 - Describe two hypotheses that explain why species...Ch. 54.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.4 - WHAT IF? Based on MacArthur and Wilson's island...Ch. 54.5 - What are pathogens?Ch. 54.5 - WHAT IF? Rabies, a viral disease in mammals, is...Ch. 54 - Interspecific interactions affect the survival and...Ch. 54 - Based on indexes such as Shannon diversity, is a...Ch. 54 - Is the disturbance pictured in figure 54.25 more...Ch. 54 - How have periods of glaciation influenced...Ch. 54 - Prob. 54.5CRCh. 54 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 54 - The principle of competitive exclusion states that...Ch. 54 - Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,...Ch. 54 - According to the island equilibrium model, species...Ch. 54 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 54 - The most plausible hypothesis to explain why...Ch. 54 - Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed...Ch. 54 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 54 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Explain why adaptations of...Ch. 54 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 54 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesian...Ch. 54 - Prob. 14TYU
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- Questiion: A given ecosystem has the following amounts of energy available at each trophic level: Primary producers: 3,000 gC/m2/day; Primary consumers: 450 gC/m2/day; Secondary consumers: 45 gC/m2/day; Tertiary consumers: 2.25 gC/m2/day. Does this ecosystem follow Lindeman’s Law for ecological efficiency? A- No, the average efficiency is 20% B- Yes, the average efficiency is 20% C- Yes, the average efficiency is 10% D- No, the average efficiency is 10%arrow_forwardConsidering the energy that is lost as heat to the environment when one organism consumes another, which model correctly shows the trophic levels ranked from greatest energy to least?arrow_forwardExplain why there are differences in the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels. Explain what happens to the energy which is not transferred to the next trophic level in a food chain when one organism feeds on another.arrow_forward
- F5 Which option below most likely describes the nature of the pollutant and the trophic levels of each of the three species? 5 Pollutant Concentration (ng/g) 30- O Black squares represent a primary producer, red triangles an herbivore, and blue circles a predator. The pollutant is biomagnifying in the community. Blue circles represent a primary producer, black squares an herbivore, and red triangles a predator. The pollutant is biomagnifying in the community. Red triangles represent a primary producer, blue circles an herbivore, and black squares a predator. The pollutant is causing eutrophication of the lake. Red triangles represent a primary producer, black squares an herbivore, and blue circles a predator. The pollutant is neither biomagnifying nor causing eutrophication. F6 O A 6 E Year F7 F8 & 7 F9 * 8 DELL F10 9 F11 FO O ? F12 PrtScr ap 85°F Clear Insert Earrow_forwardWHAT IF? Consider a grassland with five trophic levels:grasses, mice, snakes, raccoons, and bobcats. If youreleased additional bobcats into the grassland, howwould grass biomass change if the bottom-up modelapplied? If the top-down model appliedarrow_forwardSuppose that blue sheep are the most important prey of snow leopard, and that the predator‒prey interaction follows Lotka‒Volterra dynamics. The mortality rate of snow leopard in the absence of blue sheep is 0.1 per week, and the intrinsic growth rate of blue sheep in the absence of snow leopard predation is 0.2 per week. Snow leopard capture efficiency is 0.002, and the efficiency at which blue sheep biomass is converted into snow leopard biomass is 0.2. If there are initially 30 snow leopards and 400 blue sheep, the overall rate of change in the blue sheep population will be a gain of ____ per week.arrow_forward
- According to the resource-ratio hypothesis (a.k.a. R-star), what factor(s) will determine the maximum number of competing species that could possibly coexist in a community? (Note: either one or more-than-one answer could be correct) .what does the number of limiting resources in a community tell us? The number of limiting resources in the community The net primary productivity of the community (NPP). The number of trophic levels that are present in the community. | The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of each species in the community. The colonization rate of each species that can access the habitat.arrow_forwardDescribe biotic potential. Describe carrying capacity. How do these two factors affect population growth and the ultimate stable size of a population?arrow_forwardA freshwater lake ecosystem has a total primary production of 20,000 kcal. Zooplankton, which are primary consumers, feed on the phytoplankton. Small fish, which are secondary consumers, feed on the zooplankton. Larger fish, which are tertiary consumers, feed on the small fish. How much energy would be available to the tertiary consumers according to the 10% energy rule? 200 20,000 20 2,000 0 2arrow_forward
- please help 3rd partarrow_forwardEcosystem A has primary production of 2000 g C /m2/yr and ecological efficiency of 10%. Ecosystem B has primary production of 300 g C /m2/yr and an ecological efficiency of 15%. If a trophic level requires at least 1 gC/m2/yr to exist, how many trophic levels can each of these ecosystems support?arrow_forwardWhat is a food web? How does the amount of primary productivity influence the number of trophic levels in a food web as well as the number of species at the top? Explain the difference between top down and bottom up control in food webs.arrow_forward
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