Concept explainers
For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization requested and whether or not the electrons will be delocalized:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 5 Solutions
Chemistry Atoms First2e
- What is the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following? (a) BeH2 (b) SF6 (c) PO43 (d) PCl5arrow_forwardWhat is the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following?(a) BeH2(b) SF6(c) PO4 3−(d) PCl5arrow_forwardH2CO molecules (a) use orbital hybridization theory to determine the molecular shape of h2co. (b) what bonds are formed between the c and o atoms in formaldehyde molecules?arrow_forward
- In hydrogen isocyanide molecules (HCN), both carbon (C: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 ) and nitrogen (N: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^3 ) atoms undergo sp hybridization. (a) Use Orbital Hybridization theory to determine the molecular shape of HCN molecules. (b) Explain how the C atom binds to the N atom in HCN molecules.arrow_forwardFor each of the following molecule: (i) draw the correct Lewis structure; (ii) determine the molecular geometry and the type of hybridization on the central atom, and (iii) predict whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar. (a) BrCl5arrow_forward(a) Describe the hybridization of the central atom of a molecule with a see-saw shape. (b) Describe the hybridization of the central atom of a molecule with a trigonal planar shape. (c) Describe the hybridization of the central atom of a molecule with a trigonal bipyramidal shape.arrow_forward
- In ozone, O3, the two oxygen atoms on the ends of the molecule are equivalent to one another. (a)What is the best choice of hybridization scheme for the atoms of ozone? (b) For one of the resonance forms of ozone, which of the orbitals are used to make bonds and which are used to hold nonbonding pairs of electrons? (c) Which of the orbitals can be used to delocalize the π electrons? (d) How many electrons are delocalized in the π system of ozone?arrow_forwardDraw a Lewis electron dot diagram for each of the following molecules and ions. Formulate the hybridization forthe central atom in each case and give the moleculargeometry.(a) BF3(b) BH4-(c) PH3(d) CS2(e) CH3arrow_forwardDraw a Lewis electron dot diagram for each of the follow- ing molecules and ions. Formulate the hybridization for the central atom in each case and give the molecular geometry. (a) BF3 (b) BH4- (c) PH3 (d) CS2 (e) CH3+arrow_forward
- The valuable polymer polyurethane is made by a condensationreaction of alcohols (ROH) with compounds that containan isocyanate group (RNCO). Two reactions that cangenerate a urethane monomer are shown here: (a) Which process, i or ii, is greener? Explain.(b) What are the hybridization and geometry of the carbonatoms in each C-containing compound in each reaction?(c) If you wanted to promote the formation of the isocyanateintermediate in each reaction, what could you do,using Le Châtelier’s principle?arrow_forwardThe molecule 2-butene, C4H8, can undergo a geometricchange called cis-trans isomerization:As discussed in the “Chemistry and Life” box on the chemistryof vision, such transformations can be induced bylight and are the key to human vision. (a) What is the hybridizationat the two central carbon atoms of 2-butene?(b) The isomerization occurs by rotation about the centralC¬C bond. With reference to Figure 9.29, explainwhy the p bond between the two central carbon atoms isdestroyed halfway through the rotation from cis- to trans-2-butene. (c) Based on average bond enthalpies (Table 8.3),how much energy per molecule must be supplied to breakthe C¬C p bond? (d) What is the longest wavelength oflight that will provide photons of sufficient energy to breakthe C¬C p bond and cause the isomerization? (e) Is thewavelength in your answer to part (d) in the visible portionof the electromagnetic spectrum? Comment on the importanceof this result for human vision.arrow_forwardValence bond theory The skeletal structure for methyleneimine (CH₂NH) is shown. Draw for yourself the best Lewis structure. Propose a bonding scheme by indicating the hybridization of the central atoms and the orbital overlaps for each bond. (a) H one (b) H-C-N-H The bond labeled (a) forms from The bond labeled (b) forms from: ● one o-overlap of a C (c) π-overlap (s) of a C -overlap of a C sp2 orbital and a N orbital and a N orbital and a H 1s The ideal bond angle <(C-N-H) around the N atom is orbital, and orbital. The bond labeled (c) forms from O - overlap of a N There is/are one lone pair(s) around the N atom. Lewis structures do not attempt to portray 3D shape, but you can predict the molecular geometry from VSEPR theory. The ideal bond angle <(H-C-H) around the C atom is 120 orbital and a H 1s degrees. orbital. degrees. orbital.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStax